Mitotic abnormalities and micronuclei inducing potentials of colchicine and leaf aqueous extracts of Clerodendrum viscosum Vent. in Allium cepa root apical meristem cells

Figures & data

Table 1. Effects of LAECV and colchicine on the frequency of mitotic abnormalities and micronuclei induction in A. cepa root apical meristem cells.

Treatment			TC	AC	TDC	% cells aberration	AB%=(AC/TDC)X100				MN (%)
Duration (h)	Extract/ compound	Concentration(mg ml^–1)					Cr Sti	Ana-Bridge	C-meta	Vagrant cr.
4	Control	0	696	2	85	0.28	0.00	1.2	0.00	1.2	0.00
	LAECV	1	571	17	65	2.97^***	7.7^*	4.6	7.7^*	6.1	0.00
		2	588	19	60	3.23^***	10.0^*	3.3	8.3^*	10.0	0.17
		3	857	32	75	3.73^***	13.3^**	5.3	12.0^**	12.0^*	0.23
		4	1049	40	74	3.81^***	20.3^***	9.45	10.8^**	13.5^*	0.38
	Colchicine	0.4	1043	35	102	3.35^***	6.9^*	8.8	9.8^*	8.8	0.57
4+16	Control	0	550	2	89	0.33	0.0	1.2	0.5	1.1	0.00
	LAECV	1	508	14	79	2.75^*	7.6^*	5.1	3.8	1.3	0.19
		2	671	21	85	3.12^**	5.9^*	8.2	5.9	4.7	0.29
		4	909	29	90	3.19^**	6.7^*	8.9	6.7	10.0^*	3.85^***
		8	755	26	65	3.44^**	12.3^**	9.2	15.4^*	3.1	0.26
	Colchicine	0.4	1260	39	113	3.09^**	10.6^**	5.3	9.7^*	8.8^*	2.06^**

^* Significant at p < 0.05.

^** Significant at p < 0.01.

^*** Significant at p < 0.001 as compared to their respective control with 2 × 2 contingency χ²-test with respective df = 1.

Cr: Chromosome; Sti: Stickiness; meta: Metaphase; LAECV: leaf aqueous extracts of Clerodendrum viscosum; TC: total cells; AC: aberrant cells; AB: abnormality; NC: normal cells; TDC: total number of dividing cells; MN: micronuclei; Ana: anaphase; Conc: concentration.

Figure 1. Photomicrographs of onion root apical meristem cells. (A–D) Normal mitotic phases: (A) prophase, (B) metaphase, (C) anaphase, and (D) telophase. (E–I) Colchicine induced abnormalities: (E) C-metaphase, (F) sticky chromosome, (G) polar deviation, (G, H) anaphase bridge, and (I) micronucleus (arrow). (J–P) LAECV induced abnormalities: (J) sticky chromosomes, (K) c-metaphase, (L) anaphase bridge, (M) polar deviation, (N) vagrant chromosome (arrow), and (O, P) micronucleus (arrows). Photomicrographs (400×) were further magnified (2×) using Microsoft Office Power Point.

Table 2. Effects of LAECV and colchicine on the mitotic index and mitotic phase frequency in A. cepa root apical meristem cells.

Treatment
Duration (h)	Extract/compound	Conc.(mg ml^–1)	TC	TDC	MI%(reduction %)	Pro(%)	Meta(%)	Ana(%)	Telo(%)
4	Control	0	1401	169	12.13±0.96(00.0)	56.21	12.42	16.56	14.79
	LAECV	1	1152	122	10.60±0.15(12.61)	48.36	23.77^*	16.39	11.47
		2	1183	110	9.25±0.93 ^*(23.74)	45.45	29.09^**	14.54	10.90
		3	1724	130	7.58±0.54^***(37.51)	40.76	39.23^***	11.53	8.46
		4	2114	126	5.96±0.09^***(50.86)	29.36^**	47.61^***	17.46	5.55^*
	Colchicine	0.4	2113	207	9.76±0.57(19.53)	30.91^**	46.37^***	13.52	9.17+9
4 + 16	Control	0	1140	172	15.13±0.36(00.0)	52.32	12.79	18.60	16.27
	LAECV	1	1040	155	14.9±0.23(1.52)	52.25	18.70	16.77	12.25
		2	1353	169	12.48±0.14(17.51)	47.92	28.40^**	13.60	10.05
		4	1829	163	8.90±0.07(41.17)^***	38.65	36.19^***	15.33	9.81
		8	1481	119	8.03±0.16(46.92)^***	31.09^*	50.42^***	11.76	6.72^*
	Colchicine	0.4	2470	223	9.02±0.170(40.38)^***	34.08^*	30.04^**	23.76	12.10

^* Significant at p < 0.05.

^** Significant at p < 0.01.

^*** Significant at p < 0.001 as compared to their respective control with 2 × 2 contingency χ²-test with respective df = 1.

Conc: concentration; TC: total cells; TDC: total number of dividing cells; Pro: prophase; Meta: metaphase; Ana: anaphase; MI: mitotic index.