Investigation of the effects of quizalofop-P-ethyl on pollen germination of Hyacinthus orientalis L

Figures & data

Table 1. Recommended field dose for QPE.

Crop	Weed	Dose (l ha^–1)
Sugar beet	Monocotyledonous annual weeds	1.0
	Sorghum halepense in rhizome	2.0
Soybean, field bean	Monocotyledonous annual weeds	1.0
	Sorghum halepense in rhizome	2.5
Tomato	Monocotyledonous annual weeds	1.0
	Sorghum halepense in rhizome	2.0
Sunflower	Monocotyledonous annual weeds (Setaria, Echinochloa, Digitaria, Sorghum halepense in seeds)	0.7
	Sorghum halepense in rhizome	1.5
Potato	Annual graminaceous (Setaria glauca, Setaria viridis, Echinochloa cruss-galli and others)	0.7–1.0
	Perennial graminaceous (Sorghum halepense, Agropyron repens)	1.5–2.0
Rape seed	Monocotyledonous annual weeds	1.0
Cotton	Perennial graminaceous (Sorghum halepense, Agropyron repens)	1.5–2.0
	Monocotyledonous annual weeds	1.0
Groundnut, green gram, black gram, sesamum, jute	Monocotyledonous annual weeds	1.0
	Perennial graminaceous (Sorghum halepense, Agropyron repens)	1.5–2.0

Table 2. Germinated pollen rate over time.

	Pollen germination rate (%)			The number of examined pollen grains
Time	Control	0.125 M	0.25 M	Control	0.125 M	0.25 M
1st hour	26 ± 0.4	8 ± 0.3	8 ± 0.2^a	567	589	253
2nd hour	44 ± 0.3	9 ± 0.2	9 ± 0.1	462	407	1596
3rd hour	45 ± 0.4	11 ± 0.3^a	10 ± 0.5	275	652	582
4th hour	56 ± 0.2	13 ± 0.6	11 ± 0.4^a	525	472	373
5th hour	62 ± 0.1	17 ± 0.1^a	13 ± 0.2	786	792	1162
24th hour	78 ± 0.5	24 ± 0.1^a	20 ± 0.1	684	754	956

^a Means significantly different by Duncan multiple range test at the p < 0.05 level compared to control. Values represent the means of three replicates. Values are presented as mean ± standard deviation.

Figure 1. Pollen tube length of H. orientalis.

Figure 2. The change on pollen tube growth in H. orientalis after 24 h: (A) control; (B) elbow formation on pollen tube, 0.125 M QPE; (C) swelling at the tip of the tube, 0.125 M QPE; (D) weak pollen tubes, 0.25 M QPE; (E) expanded pollen tube and vacuolization, 0.25 M QPE; (F) weak and undulating tubes and swelling, 0.25 M QPE. Abbreviations: QPE: quizalofop-p-ethyl.

Table 3. Effects of QPE on abnormality of pollen rate and morphology of H. orientalis over time.

	Abnormality of pollen rate (%)
Time	Control	0.125 M	0.25 M	Remarks
1st hour	1.65±0.14	25.26±0.36	56.09±0.90^a	Numerous nuclei in the pollen tube
2nd hour	1.47±0.21	31.09±0.07^a	63.21±0.27	Poly tube growth
3rd hour	1.76±0.19	41.23±0.05	68.10±0.80	Swelling at the tip of the tube
4th hour	1.92±0.06	59.46±0.32	70.77±0.69^a	Tube growth at the opposite poles
5th hour	2.31±0.24^a	70.26±0.28^a	72.29±0.62	Weak and undulating tubes
24th hour	4.41±0.20^a	82.41±0.24	84.19±0.57^a	Pollen tube swelling

^a Means significantly different by Duncan multiple range test at the p < 0.05 level compared to control. Values represent the means of three replicates. Values are presented as mean ± standard deviation.