Besides regular chromosome segregation and allied reproductive traits in Valeriana jatamansi Jones (Valerianoideae, Caprifoliaceae) – the gynodioecious species develops multiple evolutionary pathways as subsistence links

Figures & data

Figure 1. Map showing study sites. 1 = Gulmarg; 2 = Ferozpora; 3 = Dara; 4 = Sonmarg; 5 = Pahalgam; 6 = Daksum; 7 = Aharbal.

Table 1. Physical and chemical treatments to test seed germination of Valeriana jatamansi.

S. no	^#Treatment	Time period (days)	Concentration(mM)
1	Chilling
a	Wet chilling	20	–
		40	–
		75	–
		90	–
b	Dry chilling	20	–
		40	–
		75	–
		90	–
2	Conc. H2So4 dip.	–	–
3.	GA3	–	0.25
		–	0.5
		–	1.0
		–	1.5
		–	2.0
4	Thiourea	–	0.25
		–	0.5
		–	1.0
		–	1.5
		–	2.0
5	Kinetin	–	0.25
		–	0.5
		–	1.0
		–	1.5
6	Scarification	–	2.0
		–	–
7	Control	–	–

^# n = 20.

Table 2. Ratio of hermaphrodites and females in different populations.

S. no.	Study sites	No. of hermaphrodites	No. of females	Ratio of H:F
1.	Ferozpora	56	28	66.6:33.3
2.	Gulmarg	47	31	60.2:39.8
3.	Sonamarg	43	38	53.1:46.9
4.	Dara	54	47	52.5:46.5
5.	Pahalgam	57	32	64.0:35.9
6.	Aharbal	49	27	64.5:35.5
7.	Daksum	65	37	63.7:36.3
χ*^2		4.571^a	4.000^b

* Ratio significantly different at the p = 0.05 level.

Figure 2. Comparison of quantitative flower characters of hermaphrodite and female plants. *Mean ± SD; PL, petal length; PB, Petal breadth; StL, stamen length; OL, ovary length; AL, anther length; StyL, style length; WFL, whole flower length; HP, hermaphrodite plant; FP, female plant.

Figure 3. Gp value for all selected sites.

Table 3. Pollen viability and pollen ovule ratio of Valeriana jatamansi.

S. no.	Pollen ovule ratio and pollen viability		Mean ± SD
I	Pollen grains	Anther	840 ± 25.10
		Flower	2459.33 ± 79.67
		Ramet	27404.0 ± 887.8
		Genet	230976.5 ± 7483.2
II	Ovule number	Flower	1.00 ± 0.00
		Ramet	84.23 ± 12.23
		Genet	670.23 ± 14.34
III	Viable pollen grains	Flower	2379.06 ± 84.43
IV	Percentage viability	–	95.29 ± 898
V	P/O	Flower	2459.33 ± 0.00

Figure 4. PMC meiosis with normal metaphase and anaphase. (a, b, c, d) Metaphase with 16 bivalents; (e, f) anaphase showing normal segregation.

Figure 5. Percentage seed set under different bagging experiments.

Figure 6. Percentage seed viability of hermaphrodite and female individuals of Valeriana jatamansi.

Figure 7. Depicting effect of different physical and chemical treatments on seed germination of Valeriana jatamansi. note.: 1, control (without physical and chemical treatments); 2, scarification; 3, concentration of H₂SO₄.

Figure 8. Multiple evolutionary pathways in Valeriana jatamansi Jones.