Evaluation of potential genotoxic and cytotoxic effects of deltamethrin insecticide on somatic chromosomes of Helianthus annuus L.

Figures & data

Figure 1. Structure of DEL (S-alpha-cyano-3-phenoxybenzyl-(1R-3R)-3-(2,2-dibromoviny)-2,2 dimethylethyl cyclopropane carboxylate).

Table 1. The effect DEL insecticide on root growth in sunflower.

Time	Concentration	Root length ± SD	Inhibition
(h)	(ppm)	(cm)	(%)
24	Control	3.76 ± 0.14	–
	0.25	3.61 ± 0.05	3.98
	0.5	3.24 ± 0.08*	13.82*
	1	1.93 ± 0.13*	48.67*
	2	1.21 ± 0.09*	67.81*
36	Control	3.96 ± 0.11	–
	0.25	3.85 ± 0.07	2.77
	0.5	3.56 ± 0.06*	10.10*
	1	2.05 ± 0.03*	48.23*
	2	1.29 ± 0.01*	67.42*
48	Control	4.76 ± 0.10	–
	0.25	4.65 ± 0.12	2.31
	0.5	3.67 ± 0.14*	22.89*
	1	2.39 ± 0.03*	49.78*
	2	1.37 ± 0.02*	71.21*

Note:

SD: standard deviation;

*significantly different from the control (p=0.05).

Table 2. Effects of deltamethrin on mitotic cell division of sunflower.

Time	Concentration	Number of cells analyzed	MI ± SD	Prophase %		Metaphase %		Ana-Telophase %
(h)	(ppm)			Total	Abnormal	Total	Abnormal	Total	Abnormal
24	Control	4210	12.13 ± 0.23	26.81	2.91	36.00	2.71	37.19	3.15
	0.25	4051	11.90 ± 0.36	31.12*	2.00*	34.02*	3.65*	34.86*	4.16*
	0.5	4002	11.76 ± 0.42	26.17	4.87*	33.61*	3.79*	40.22*	5.82*
	1	4216	10.56 ± 0.46*	27.13	4.95*	34.75	4.51*	38.12	10.00*
	2	4137	7.86 ± 0.32*	28.30*	9.78*	35.07	10.52*	36.63	21.00*
36	Control	4335	12.59 ± 0.67	27.65	1.98	33.88	1.08	38.47	2.38
	0.25	3818	12.26 ± 0.70	23.71*	1.80*	35.47	3.01*	40.82*	6.80*
	0.5	4188	10.12 ± 0.56*	26.65	5.30*	33.25	3.54*	40.10	11.76*
	1	4286	8.60 ± 0.21*	24.66*	9.89*	35.77*	8.33*	39.57	17.12*
	2	4249	5.71 ± 0.53*	27.98	13.23*	37.86*	16.86*	34.16*	29.34*
48	Control	4134	10.21 ± 0.24	31.32	3.20	32.83	2.04	35.85	1.40
	0.25	3692	10.02 ± 0.11	29.41*	2.66*	34.11	2.29*	36.48	6.81*
	0.5	4206	7.86 ± 0.23*	27.56*	4.13*	33.02	4.82*	39.42*	10.40*
	1	4292	5.61 ± 0.34*	24.86*	10.52*	33.50	8.59*	41.64*	16.98*
	2	4222	4.03 ± 0.17*	25.43*	21.66*	35.16*	19.27*	39.41*	33.33*

* Significantly different from the control (p=0.05).

Table 3. Type and percentage of mitotic abnormalities in the root tips of sunflowers exposed to DEL.

Time (h)	Concentration (ppm)	Percent of abnormalities ± SD					Total abnormality (%)
		Disturbed prophase	Stickiness	Chromatid bridge	C-mitosis	Laggards
24	Control	0.78 ± 0.44	0.97 ± 1.41	0.58 ± 0.54	0.39 ± 0.54	–	2.72
	0.25	0.62 ± 0.54	1.03 ± 1.00	0.82 ± 0.44	0.62 ± 0.44	0.20 ± 0.23	3.29
	0.5	1.27 ± 0.22	1.48 ± 0.54	0.85 ± 0.83	0.85 ± 0.22	0.42 ± 0.54	4.87
	1	1.34 ± 0.44	3.13 ± 0.83*	0.89 ± 0.44	0.67 ± 0.89	0.67 ± 0.54*	6.70
	2	2.76 ± 0.83*	4.92 ± 1.30*	2.46 ± 0.54*	1.84 ± 0.83*	2.15 ± 0.44*	14.13
36	Control	0.54 ± 0.54	0.73 ± 0.44	0.18 ± 0.21	0.18 ± 0.44	0.18 ± 0.21	1.81
	0.25	0.42 ± 0.24	1.70 ± 0.54*	0.64 ± 0.89	1.28 ± 0.44*	0.42 ± 0.54	4.46
	0.5	1.41 ± 0.44	1.88 ± 0.54*	1.17 ± 0.70*	1.65 ± 0.54*	1.17 ± 0.70	7.28
	1	2.43 ± 0.83*	3.52 ± 1.14*	1.89 ± 0.54*	2.98 ± 0.32*	1.35 ± 0.83*	12.17
	2	3.70 ± 0.71*	6.99 ± 1.21*	2.46 ± 0.44*	4.52 ± 0.44*	2.88 ± 0.54*	20.55
48	Control	1.00 ± 0.44	0.67 ± 0.36	0.16 ± 0.22	0.16 ± 0.22	0.16 ± 0.44	2.15
	0.25	0.78 ± 0.44	1.37 ± 0.54	0.39 ± 0.54	0.78 ± 0.34	0.58 ± 0.24	3.90
	0.5	1.13 ± 0.70	1.82 ± 0.47*	0.91 ± 0.44*	2.05 ± 0.44*	0.91 ± 0.36	6.82
	1	2.61 ± 0.79*	3.92 ± 1.22*	2.09 ± 0.64*	2.87 ± 0.36*	1.04 ± 0.38*	12.53
	2	5.50 ± 0.54*	8.47 ± 0.70*	2.96 ± 1.30*	5.93 ± 0.89*	2.54 ± 0.44*	25.40

* Significantly different from the control (p=0.05).

Table 4. Results from genotoxicity testing of DEL in the sunflower micronucleus assay.

Time (h)	Concentration (ppm)	Examined cells	Micronucleus (%)
24	Control	4210	0.02
	0.25	4051	–
	0.5	4002	0.07*
	1	4216	0.09*
	2	4137	0.14*
36	Control	4335	–
	0.25	3818	0.05*
	0.5	4188	–
	1	4286	0.08*
	2	4249	0.11*
48	Control	4134	0.02
	0.25	3692	0.05*
	0.5	4206	0.07*
	1	4292	0.11*
	2	4222	0.26*

* Significantly different from the control (p=0.05).

Figure 2. LD₅₀ values in sunflower roots under DEL treatment after 72 h.

Figure 3. Effects of deltamethrin insecticide on sunflower roots: (a) chosen roots for the cytogenetic tests; (b) roots in control for 48 h; (c) roots in 1 ppm DEL treatment for 48 h; (d) roots in 2 ppm DEL treatment for 48 h; (e) roots in 4 ppm DEL treatment for 48 h; (f) roots in 5 ppm DEL treatment for 48 h (scale bars: 1 cm).

Figure 4. Mitotic abnormalities induced by deltamethrin in root meristem cells of sunflowers: (a) disturbed prophase; (b, c) stickiness; (d) chromatid bridge; (e) laggards; (f) micronucleus (scale bars: 5 μm).