Amelioration of cobalt oxide nanoparticles induced genomic and mitochondrial DNA damage and oxidative stress by omega-3 co-administration in mice

Figures & data

Table 1. Sequences of primers used for amplification of mitochondrial D-loop fragment 1(P1) and fragment 2 (P2).

Primer	Sequences
P1	Forward 5-CCACCACCAGCACCCAAAG-3
	Reverse 5-CGGGTTGTTGGTTTCACGG-3
P2	Forward 5-AGGCATGAAAGGACAGCAC-3
	Reverse 5-ATAAGGCCAGGACCAAACC-3

Figure 1. Characterization of CoO-NPs. (A) XRD pattern of CoO-NPs. (B) Zeta potential distribution. (C) TEM imaging. (D) Size distribution by number.

Figure 2. Pattern of mice liver, kidney and genomic DNA running on ethidium bromide stained agarose gel. Abbreviations: M: DNA marker (100 base pairs); N: negative control; O: omega-3; C: cobalt oxide nanoparticles.

Figure 3. Level of genomic DNA fragmentation in liver, kidney and testis tissues of mice orally administered CoO-XPs and/or omega-3 for three consecutive days. One-way ANOVA followed by Duncan’s test was done and statistical significance is indicated by different letters. Results are expressed as mean ± SD. Abbreviations: a: non-significant difference from the negative control group; b: significant difference from the negative control group.

Figure 4. PCR-SSCP pattern of mitochondrial D-loop fragment 1 (Pl) and 2 (P2) in negative control group (lanes 1–2), omega-3 group (lanes 3–4), CoO-NPs group (lanes 5–6) and omega-3 plus CoO-NPs group (lanes 7–8). Mutation is indicated by arrow.

Table 2. Malondialdehyde (MDA) level and activities of catalase (CAT) and glutathione peroxidase (Gpx) enzymes in mice orally administered CoO-NPs and/or omega-3.

Group	Treatment	Dose (mg kg^–1)	MDA level (nmol g^–1 tissue)	CAT activity (U g^–1 tissue)	Gpx activity (U g^–1 tissue)
1	Negative control	0	180.76 ± 13.06^a	7.65 ± 0.77^a	8.31 ± 0.60^a
2	Omega-3	250	169.81 ± 6.73^a	6.72 ± 0.90^a	8.60 ± 0.78^a
3	CoO-NPs	20	245.38 ± 5.57^b	3.21 ± 0.92^b	4.91 ± 0.97^b
4	Omega-3+CoO-NPs	250 + 20	183.43 ± 14.69^a	7.33 ± 1.04^a	8.27 ± 1.17^a
One-way ANOVA			F = 30.35 p < 0.001	F = 15.50 p < 0.01	F = 11.18 p < 0.01

Results are expressed as mean ± SD and analyzed using one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) followed by Duncan’s test. Similar letters indicate non-significance between the different groups in the same column.