Determination of Available Cadmium and Lead in Soil by Flame Atomic Absorption Spectrometry after Cloud Point Extraction

Abstract

A cloud point extraction (CPE) procedure has been developed for the determination of available cadmium (Cd) and lead (Pb) in soil by flame atomic absorption spectrometry. The proposed method was based on the CPE of a complex from ammonium pyrrolidine dithiocarbamate (APDC) and metal Cd and Pb using emulsifier octyl polyethylene glycol phenol ether (OP) as surfactant. Conditions that would affect the complex formation and separation were researched in detail, including extraction conditions as well as pH, amount of the chelating agent, concentration of the surfactant, equilibration temperature and time, and salt effect. Under the optimized conditions, both of the calibration graphs were linear in range of 0–1.0 μg mL⁻¹ with detection limits of 0.29 ng mL⁻¹ for Cd and 2.10 ng mL⁻¹ for Pb. The relative standard deviation (RSD) for 11 replicate measurements at 0.10 μg mL⁻¹ of Cd and Pb were 2.18% and 4.04%, respectively. The enhancement factors were 48.8 and 61.6 for Cd and Pb, respectively. The recoveries of Cd and Pb at the spiking level of 0.10 μg g⁻¹ in soil samples were from 91.7% to 115% and from 91.0% to 115%, respectively. The proposed method has been applied to the determination of available Cd and Pb in soil.

Keywords:

• Available cadmium
• available lead
• cloud point extraction soil samples
• flame atomic absorption spectrometry