Parents’ involvement in their children’s education: narratives from rural Pakistan

Figures & data

Table 1. The narratives, sub-narratives and topics arising from analysis of the interviews.

Narratives	Sub-narratives	Topics
Narrative of hope and trust-building	Parents noticed some improvements Parents’ aspirations for a better future for their children The extended family as a resource for involvement	Cooperation between parents and teachers Teachers’ empathy with poor parents Feedback on children’s learning activities The giving of homework by teachers Some progress in children’s education Parental motivation and guidance to children The desire of parents for their children to receive education Parental encouragement Parents seek support from neighbours for their children’s education Parents work hard to arrange private tuition for children Support of relatives for children’s education
Narrative of dissatisfaction and inequality	Parents’ personal circumstances and teachers’ conduct Gender inequalities	Parents’ discontent with teachers Parental poverty affects parents’ involvement Lack of literacy impedes parents from helping children Teachers’ disrespectful attitudes towards parents Parents lack of trust in teachers Parents disappointed by state schools Teachers responsible for children’s poor performance Male domination hampers mothers’ free involvement Early marriages due to parental lack of knowledge Gender segregation due to settled practices Parental interference Withdrawal from school and child labour