Foot deformation during walking: differences between static and dynamic 3D foot morphology in developing feet

Abstract

The complex functions of feet require a specific composition, which is progressively achieved by developmental processes. This development should take place without being affected by footwear. The aim of this study is to evaluate differences between static and dynamic foot morphology in developing feet. Feet of 2554 participants (6–16 years) were recorded using a new scanner system (DynaScan4D). Each foot was recorded in static half and full weight-bearing and during walking. Several foot measures corresponding to those used in last construction were calculated. The differences were identified by one-way ANOVA and paired Student's t-test. Static and dynamic values of each foot measure must be considered to improve the fit of footwear. In particular, footwear must account for the increase of forefoot width and the decrease of midfoot girth. Furthermore, the toe box should have a more rounded shape. The findings are important for the construction of footwear for developing feet.

Abstract

Practitioner Summary: Until now, foot deformation has not been analysed in developing feet. The presented differences between standing and walking of 2554 children were obtained using a new dynamic 3D scanner system. The results show that especially differences between foot width and girth measures and angles must be considered in footwear construction.

Keywords::

• children
• anthropometry
• health-care ergonomics
• industrial ergonomics
• biomechanics

Acknowledgements

We would like to thank all the helping hands who made the recording of this huge sample possible and Lisa Peterson for her linguistic assistance.