DETERMINING THE MODEL OF TOURISM BUSINESS DISTRICT (TBD) IN COASTAL RESORTS: A CASE STUDY OF TURKEY

Figures & data

Table 1 Key Works on Tourism Business District

Study Area	Country	References
Ocean City	USA	Stansfield 1969
Ocean City, Wildwood, Niagara Falls	USA/Canada	Stansfield and Rickert 1970
East London Seaside	South Africa	Taylor 1975
Gulf of Mexico Seaside	Gulf of Mexico	Meyer-Arendt 1990
Niagara Falls	USA/Canada	Getz 1993
Hang Dong, Sankampaeng	Thailand	Cohen 1995
Christchurch	New Zealand	Pearce 2001
Suzhou	China	Li and Tao 2003
Sassari	Italy	Battino et al. 2014
Guangzhou	China	Liu 2014
Beijing	China	Zhu et al. 2015
Quianmen	China	Zhu et al. 2017
Alanya and Manavgat	Turkey	Akengin and Dinç 2020
Kuşadası	Turkey	Işık and Usun 2022

Table 2 Population and Labor Force Growth, Accommodation and Overnight Statistics of Coastal Resorts in Turkey

	Population growth		Labor force growth (%)		Accomodation (2019)		Overnight (2019)
	1980–1990	1990–2019	1985–2000	2005–2019	N	%	N	%
Çeşme	116	26	85.0	188.2	396.523	0.7	715.315	0.6
Kuşadası	77	44	106.6	122.7	1.314.895	2.3	3.542.058	2.2
Didim	103	64	165.8	204.5	212.157	0.4	651.159	0.4
Bodrum	76	23	188.3	134.5	1.332.109	2.4	4.439.756	2.8
Fethiye	59	48	130.2	133.5	234.919	0.4	1.006.504	0.6
Marmaris	75	27	440.0	82.4	1.024.150	1.8	3.687.724	2.3
Kemer	164	38	368.6	50.5	2.595.100	4.6	12.726.502	8.0
Antalya	78	44	119.4	141.5	2.718.497	4.8	11.375.831	7.1
Manavgat	99	51	206.8	146.8	5.349.683	9.5	24.914.012	15.7
Alanya	86	35	176.1	153.3	5.059.057	9.0	18.516.398	11.6

Table 3 Comparison of TBD in Ten Coastal Resort

	Location	Attractions	Function/Service	Market positioning
Çeşme	Ancient downtown	Shopping Mall	Shopping	Domestic tourist
	West of the city	Castle	Entertainment	International tourist
	Near the marina		Catering/beverage
Kuşadası	Ancient downtown	Traditional Street	Shopping	International tourist
	Between port and marina	Shopping Mall	Entertainment	Domestic tourist
		Traditional food	Catering/beverage	Residents
		Castle
Didim	South of city	Beach	Catering/beverage	International tourist
	Near the marina		Entertainment
Bodrum	Ancient downtown	Traditional Street	Shopping	International tourist
	South of the city	Shopping Mall	Entertainment	Domestic tourist
	Between port and marina	Castle	Catering/beverage	Residents
		Museum
Marmaris	West of the city	Beach	Shopping	International tourist
	Near the marina	Shopping Mall	Entertainment
	New urban area		Most large hotels
Fethiye	Southwest of the city	Castle	Catering/beverage	International tourist
	Near the marina	Museum	Entertainment	Domestic tourist
	Ancient downtown	Amphitheater	RBD & CBD
Kemer	East of the city	Outdoor Museum	Catering/beverage	International tourist
	Near the marina	Camping area	Entertainment
Antalya	Ancient downtown	Traditional Street	Entertainment	International tourist
	Near the marina	Beach	Shopping	Domestic tourist
		Castle	Catering/beverage	Residents
Manavgat	Ancient downtown	Traditional Street	Most large hotels	International tourist
	Historical Peninsula	Amphitheater	Entertainment
	South of the city	Museum
		Temple
Alanya	Ancient downtown	Traditional Street	Entertainment	International tourist
	Historical Peninsula	Castle, Shipyard	Catering/beverage	Domestic tourist
		Cave and Museum	RBD & CBD	Residents
		Beach

Table 4 Rates of the Shape of the TBDs

	TBD area (km^2)	Long axis (km)	X	Urban area (km^2)	TBD area/Urban area
Çeşme	0.09	1.4	0.05	37.0	0.01
Kuşadası	0.44	2.10	0.09	45.20	0.97
Didim	0.93	3.70	0.07	22.80	4.08
Bodrum	0.40	2.13	0.09	25.28	1.58
Marmaris	1.37	7.30	0.03	12.14	11.29
Fethiye	0.39	2.80	0.05	15.35	6.10
Kemer	1.32	2.50	0.05	5.92	22.30
Antalya	1.44	11.15	0.01	167.20	0.86
Manavgat	1.41	3.60	0.11	38.52	3.66
Alanya	2.48	4.48	0.12	21.86	11.34

Fig. 1 Forms and locations of Turkish TBDs.

Fig. 2 Functions of TBDs on the Turkish Mediterranean Coast.

Fig. 3 Functions of TBDs on Turkish Aegean Coast.

Table 5 Functions of Shops in Turkey’s Tourism Business Districts

		Çeşme		Kuşadası		Didim		Bodrum		Marmaris		Fethiye		Kemer		Antalya		Manavgat		Alanya
		ƒ	%	ƒ	%	ƒ	%	ƒ	%	ƒ	%	ƒ	%	ƒ	%	ƒ	%	ƒ	%	ƒ	%
Hospitality-oriented	HoReCa	244	44.5	177	19.1	201	43.2	283	34.2	366	29.4	92	11.6	141	29.7	401	57.0	178	36.0	320	14.3
	Entertainment	6	1.2	34	3.7	22	4.7	11	1.3	44	3.5	14	1.8	3	0.6	49	7.0	21	4.2	25	1.1
	Commercial amusements	46	8.4	2	0.2	2	0.4	3	0.4	2	0.2	1	0.1	-	-	15	2.1	2	0.4	4	0.2
	Marina/Port	1	0.1	2	0.2	2	0.4	2	0.3	3	0.3	1	0.1	1	0.2	2	0.3	1	0.2	2	0.1
	Total	297	54.3	215	23.2	227	48.7	299	36.2	415	33.4	108	13.6	145	30.5	467	66.4	202	40.8	351	15.7
Tourism-oriented	Souvenier	43	7.8	72	7.8	16	3.4	43	5.2	72	5.8	17	2.1	15	3.2	42	6.0	22	4.4	75	3.4
	Clothing, Shoes&Bags	80	14.6	264	28.8	56	12.1	192	23.2	321	25.8	133	16.8	125	26.4	60	8.5	158	31.9	524	23.4
	Jewelry/Accessories	29	5.3	114	12.3	25	5.4	68	8.2	147	11.8	32	4.0	11	2.3	18	2.6	45	9.1	148	6.6
	Change Office	2	0.4	7	0.8	1	0.2	9	1.1	9	0.7	2	0.2	6	1.3	3	0.4	6	1.2	19	0.8
	Tattoo	4	0.7	14	1.5	6	1.3	5	0.6	13	1.0	4	0.5	2	0.4	6	0.9	6	1.2	14	0.6
	Real Estate	2	0.4	5	0.5	43	9.2	8	1.0	14	1.1	15	1.9	2	0.4	3	0.4	1	0.2	46	2.1
	Şekerleme/Kuruyemiş	5	0.9	10	1.1	4	0.9	10	1.2	10	0.8	6	0.8	12	2.5	9	1.3	8	1.7	13	0.6
	Rent a car	1	0.1	9	1.0	2	0.4	2	0.3	4	0.4	11	1.4	9	1.9	14	2.0	1	0.2	6	0.3
	Travel Agency	2	0.4	11	1.2	13	2.8	11	1.3	26	2.1	8	1.0	21	4.5	10	1.4	1	0.2	31	1.4
	Tobacco	7	1.3	-	-	2	0.4	10	1.2	2	0.2	5	0.6	1	0.2	1	0.1	-	-	2	0.1
	Shopping Mall	2	0.4	2	0.2	-	-	1	0.1	4	0.4	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-
	Yachting	-	-	-	-	-	-	4	0.5	5	0.4	16	2.0	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-
	Other tourism facilities	-	-	23	2.5	-	-	10	1.2	7	0.6	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-
	Total	177	32.3	531	57.7	168	36.1	373	45.1	634	51.1	249	31.3	204	43.1	166	23.6	248	50.1	878	39.3
Supplementary	Hairdresser	4	0.7	11	1.2	10	2.2	26	3.1	29	2.3	45	5.7	22	4.6	7	1.0	8	1.6	107	4.8
	Financial services	14	2.5	18	1.8	-	-	8	1.0	10	0.8	15	1.9	1	0.2	4	0.6	4	0.8	20	0.9
	Pharmacy	6	1.1	-	-	4	0.9	7	0.8	14	1.1	12	1.6	10	2.1	-	-	4	0.8	34	0.2
	Communication	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	19	2.4	7	1.5	3	0.4	1	0.2	59	2.6
	Cosmetics	5	0.9	8	0.9	2	0.4	10	1.2	11	0.9	12	1.6	-	-	4	0.6	4	0.8	26	1.7
	Market	17	3.1	53	5.6	36	7.7	31	3.7	50	4.0	22	2.8	32	6.8	24	3.4	14	2.8	80	3.6
	Office	-	-	26	2.7	2	0.4	12	1.4	30	2.4	127	16.1	33	7.0	13	1.9	-	-	240	10.7
	Others	28	5.1	65	6.9	16	3.4	62	7.5	50	4.0	182	23.0	20	3.8	15	2.0	10	1.9	443	18.1
	Total	74	13.4	181	19.1	70	15.2	156	18.7	194	15.5	434	55.1	125	26.4	70	15.4	45	9.1	1.009	44.3
Overall		548	100	927	100	465	100	828	100	1243	100	791	100	474	100	703	100	495	100	2.238	100

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