Sustainable manufacturing in Industry 4.0: an emerging research agenda

Figures & data

Table 1. Examples of sustainability guidelines for Industry 4.0.

Specific goals, capabilities and timelines required
A more sustainable manufacturing in UK (Foresight 2013; Manufacturing Commission 2015) Goal: A sustainable industrial ecosystem 2013–2025: Efficiency & Resilience Minimised material inputs; waste management; energy efficiency; reduced water usage; efficiency in land usage; leadership in low-carbon technology. 2025–2050: Experimentation with new systems. New forms of value associated with products including sustainability; Products reused, remanufactured, recycled and redesigned with recovery in mind; More durable products designed for shared ownership; Spare capacity built into supply chains to ensure resilience. 2050 & Beyond: A resource constrained world Products use smaller amounts of materials and energy; Material is not land-filled but kept in a ‘productive loop’; Cleaner and quieter factories close to consumers, suppliers and academic institutions; Supply chains with spare capacity at all stages.
FoF 2020 Roadmap (EFFRA 2016) Goal: Sustainable Value Networks: manufacturing in a circular economy 2018–2020 De-and Remanufacturing Systems for Material and Resource Efficiency: manufacturer-centric circular economy strategies; product designed for circular economy; increase quality of remanufactured products with zero defect de-and remanufacturing solutions; innovative human-centric solutions for de-and remanufacturing operations; customer-oriented de-and remanufacturing production control methods and systemic solutions. Energy efficiency on factory level: green hybrid and cleaner processes; technologies to empower optimal heat management and industrial symbiosis; environmental assessment and energy control and management of existing production facilities. European Circular Economy Open Platform: integration of physical-products and cyber-services during their whole lifecycle.
Sustainable Production for Smart Factories (Ministry of Enterprise and Innovation 2016; Teknikföretagen 2017) Goal: Improving the industrial sector’s capacity for sustainable and resource-efficient production. 2016–2030 Developing new or improving technologies, products and services focus on reductions in emissions, phasing out of particularly harmful substances, higher energy and resource efficiency, reusability and recyclability and higher environmental performance. Exploiting new digital and other technologies enabling the transition to a fossil-free and circular economy. Encouraging circular economy business models. Ensuring that regulations and governance mechanisms incentivise/facilitate resource-efficient and environmentally friendly production and a sustainable supply of raw materials.

Figure 1. Conceptual framing for the literature review.

Table 2. Research steps and strategies.

Step	Actions	Results
Portfolio/sample selection	Reference papers selection	Stock, Tim, and Guenther Seliger. 2016. “Opportunities of Sustainable Manufacturing in Industry 4.0.” Procedia CIRP 40: 536–541. doi:10.1016/j.procir.2016.01.129. Kiel, Daniel, Julian Müller, Christian Arnold, and Kai-Ingo Voigt. 2017. “Sustainable Industrial Value Creation: Benefits and Challenges of Industry 4.0.” International Journal of Innovation Management 21 (08). doi:10.1142/S1363919617400151. Waibel, Mario, Len Steenkamp, Mankgatho Moloko, and Gert Adriaan Oosthuizen. 2017. “Investigating the Effects of Smart Production Systems on Sustainability Elements.” Procedia Manufacturing 8 (October 2016). The Author(s): 731–737. doi:10.1016/j.promfg.2017.02.094.
	Search term test and validation	1st version – (industry 4.0; 4th Revolution; smart manufacturing) AND (sustainability; triple bottom line; sustainable manufacture; sustainable manufacturing; sustainable operations; sustainable production)2nd version – (‘industr 4.0’ OR ‘connect manufactur*’ OR ‘smart manufactur*’ OR ‘industrial internet of things’ OR ‘21st manufactur*’ OR ‘4th industrial revolution’) AND (sustainab OR ‘sustainab operatio*’ OR ‘triple bottom line’ OR ‘sustainab manufactur*’ OR ‘sustainab product*’)
	Data basis and search criteria	EBSCO; ISI Web of Knowledge (Web of Science); Science Direct; Scopus Only papers from journals and conferences; English language
	Theme alignment	Title, Keywords, Abstract and Full Paper Analysis 442 papers first selection / 244 (excluding duplicate papers, non-academic or non-English) / 149 (refined after 2^nd version of search terms, title adherence and type of paper); 53 (abstract adherence); and 35 (theme alignment). Three researchers’ evaluation in order to minimise bias (2 seniors + 1 junior) in three rounds of analysis.
Bibliometric analysis	Organising and extracting information from the sample	Mendeley®, MC3R® and UCINET/NETDRAW® 35 papers 131 authors 31 publication sources 1372 references 2618 authors extracted from the references
	Social networks	Authors’ citation and co-citation Identify centrality in the network Most cited authors and references Author’s co-citation Identify research clusters Keywords Identify predominant themes (keywords)
Systemic analysis	Content analysis	To identify the links between Industry 4.0 and sustainability/sustainable manufacturing
Research agenda	Research agenda	Organisation of research gaps and opportunitiesList of research questionsIdentify maturity of the field

Figure 2. Papers and journals’ distribution in the sample.

Table 3 Conferences listed on the sample.

11th, 12th, 13th, 14th Global Conference on Sustainable Manufacturing 2013–2017	7th Manufacturing Engineering Society International Conference 2017
International Conference on Virtual and Augmented Reality in Education 2013	7th International Conference on Industrial Engineering and Operations Management 2017
3rd International Conference on Through-life Engineering Services 2014	11th International Conference on Management Science and Engineering Management 2017
IEEE International Conference on Industrial Engineering and Engineering Management 2014	4th International Conference on Sustainable Design and Manufacturing 2017
22nd Conference on Life Cycle Engineering 2015	XXVIII ISPIM Innovation Conference 2017
21st Summer School Francesco Turco 2016	50th Conference on Manufacturing Systems 2017

Figure 3. Authors’ citation network.

Figure 4. Authors’ co-citation network.

Table 4 List of key concepts identified in the co-cited papers.

Group of keywords	Key concepts	References
Group 1	Sustainable value-creation for smart factories	Stock and Seliger (2016), Kiel et al. (2017), Shrouf, Ordieres, and Miragliotta (2014), Gabriel and Pessl (2016)
Group 2	Smart manufacturing systems	Shrouf, Ordieres, and Miragliotta (2014), Bernstein et al. (2017)
Group 3	Sustainable smart production networks and systems considering all stages of life cycle	Bernstein et al. (2017), Prause and Atari (2017), Stark et al. (2014), Cerri and Terzi (2016), Watanabe et al. (2016), Kumar, Shankar, and Thakur (2017), Waibel et al. (2017), Larreina et al. (2013)
Group 4	Digital management system enabling industrial symbiosis	Ferrera et al. (2017)
Group 5	Technological and industrial revolution as enabler of sustainable manufacturing	Jovane et al. (2008)
Group 6	Full integrated network and processes to support sustainable design and life cycle assessment	Bernstein et al. (2017), Miranda et al. (2017)
Group 7	Testbed for sustainable smart manufacturing	Lee et al. (2015)
Group 8	Enablers for Industry 4.0 increases sustainability	Schuh, Reuter, and Hauptvogel (2015)

Figure 5. Keywords’ network.

Table 5 Topics extracted from keywords’ network.

Groups	Keywords (examples)	Reference (example)
1. IIoT & Sustainability	Industrial Internet of Things (IIoT), german industry, triple bottom line, qualitative study	Kiel et al. (2017)
2. Smart Manufacturing	Smart manufacturing, optimisation, flexibility, uncertainty, data driven, process system engineering, condition-based maintenance, machine learning techniques	Bogle (2017)
3. Sustainability & Life Cycle Management	Sustainability, life cycle, design, maintenance	Stark et al. (2014)
4. Cyber-Physical System (CPS)	Cyber-physical-system, smart systems, modular factory, automated systems, intelligent manufacturing systems, green manufacturing, sustainable development, performance evaluation	Bakkari and Khatory (2017)
5. Industry 4.0 & Sustainable Manufacturing	Industry 4.0, sustainable manufacturing, eco-efficiency, internet of things, industrial symbiosis, lean management, efficiency assessment	Ferrera et al. (2017)
6. Industrial Policy	Economic factors, industrial production development, added value	Frolov et al. (2017)
7. Smart Factories and SMEs	Smart Factory, small and medium-sized enterprises, sustainable systems, energy, sustainable systems, open knowledge	Shrouf, Ordieres, and Miragliotta (2014)
8. Big Data	Big data, cleaner production, decision-making, product lifecycle, logistics, data mining, social manufacturing, augmented and virtual reality	Zhang et al. (2017)
9. Other related topics	Smart industrial metabolism, collaboration, additive manufacturing, circular economy, logistics 4.0,	Angioletti et al. (2016)

Figure 6. Research methods’ distribution.

Figure 7. Sustainable manufacturing vs Industry 4.0 principles.

Figure 8. Technologies linked with sustainable manufacturing in Industry 4.0.

Table 6 Research efforts addressed on sustainability requirements for Industry 4.0.

Area	Sustainability opportunities^a	Research contribution
Business Model	Integration of physical-products and cyber-services during their whole lifecycle; new business model focused meeting consumer needs – mass customisation, exploiting new digital and other technologies enabling the transition to a fossil-free and circular economy	Business model for SM systems based on performance management indicators (Watanabe et al. 2016). Business modelling for design integration (Gerlitz 2016). Smart data for offering new services and a sustainable-oriented decentralised organisation (Stock and Seliger 2016). IT infrastructure, standardised data interfaces, and communication protocols for vertical and horizontal connection across entire value chains (Kiel et al. 2017). Technological progress to improve working conditions (Bakkari and Khatory 2017). Circular business models (Martín et al. 2017).
Production	Reconfigurable, adaptive and evolving factories capable of small-scale production; high performance production; zero-defect; near-to-zero emissions; energy, water, land usage, heat management and resource efficiency; material kept in a ‘productive loop’; low-carbon technology; cleaner factories; circular economy strategies; symbiotic manufacturing; sustainable, safe and attractive workplaces; highly vertical integrated; workers with right knowledge and highly skilled	Sustainability indicators for manufacturing execution systems (Larreina et al. 2013). Smart meters and sensors for energy efficiency in the factory (Shrouf, Ordieres, and Miragliotta 2014). Testbeds for SM to evaluate the sustainability performance of Industry 4.0 (Lee et al. 2015). Recovery methods enabling closed and optimised material cycles (Gabriel and Pessl 2016). System lifecycle and maintenance reducing safety issues (Trentesaux, Borangiu, and Thomas 2016). Energy models for green factory design (Duarte and Cruz-Machado 2017). Big data analysis for condition-based maintenance prediction (Kumar, Shankar, and Thakur 2017). Pillars for total-efficiency (Ferrera et al. 2017). Real-time big data processing applied to predict quality (Syafrudin et al. 2017). Additive manufacturing for energy and material efficiency (Angioletti et al. 2016). Virtual technologies to support on-the-job qualification and training (Blümel 2013). Changing skills of production employees (Gabriel and Pessl 2016).
Supply Chain	Supply chains with spare capacity at all stages; energy and resource efficient; higher level of collaboration and cooperation; highly horizontal integrated.	CPS creating complex and intertwined manufacturing networks (Prause 2015). CPS for knowledge management in production networks (Severengiz et al. 2015). Highly adaptive supply networks (Gabriel and Pessl 2016). Cross-company production process (Prause and Atari 2017). Stakeholders equipped with integrated tools for smarter-decision-making (Bernstein et al. 2017). Logistics 4.0 (Strandhagen et al. 2017). Sustainable value-proposition for supply chains (Man and Strandhagen, 2017).
Product	New forms of value including sustainability; reused, remanufactured, recycled; shared ownership; reduce use of materials and energy; phasing out harmful substances; cradle-to-cradle approach.	Life Cycle Engineering for value creation (Stark et al. 2014). Design integration for extensive value in manufacturing, products and services (Gerlitz 2016). Sustainable design of products towards realisation of closed-loop life (Stock and Seliger 2016). Products designed to be sensing, smart and sustainable (Miranda et al. 2017).
Policy development	Regulations and governance mechanisms incentivise/facilitate resource-efficient and environmentally friendly production; transparent, clear and effective permit and supervisory processes;	Politics and public institutions promoting legal conditions (Müller, Kiel, and Voigt 2018). Governments and policy makers creating safeguards and policies for sustainable manufacturing (Morrar and Arman 2017). Countries considering cybersecurity major national priority (Bogle 2017). Cooperation with universities and research organisations as a condition for the implementation of Industry 4.0 projects (Frolov et al. 2017). Innovation to development of global industry (Lin, Shyu, and Ding 2017).

^aSource: Stock and Seliger (2016), Kiel et al. (2017), Teknikföretagen (2017), Waibel et al. (2017), Duarte and Cruz-Machado (2017).

Table

Publication	Author(s)	Citations
Recommendations for Implementing the strategic initiative Industrie 4.0: securing the future of German manufacturing industry	Kagermann, Wahlster, and Helbig (2013)	22
How virtualisation, decentralisation and network building change the manufacturing landscape: An industry 4.0 perspective	Brettel et al. (2014)	10
Opportunities of Sustainable Manufacturing in Industry 4.0	Stock and Seliger (2016)	7
Our Common Future	Brundtland (1987)	6
Industry 4.0	Lasi et al. (2014)	5
Smart manufacturing, manufacturing intelligence and demand-dynamic performance	Davis et al. (2012)	4
Sustainable manufacturing: Trends and research challenges	Garetti and Taisch (2012)	4
Service innovation and smart analytics for Industry 4.0 and big data environment	Lee, Kao, and Yang (2014)	4
Recent advances and trends in predictive manufacturing systems in big data environment	Lee et al. (2013)	4
How Smart Connected Products are Transforming Competition	Porter and Heppelmann (2014)	4
Data mining in manufacturing: A review based on the kind of knowledge	Choudhary, Harding, and Tiwari (2009)	3
The lifecycle of active and intelligent products: The augmentation concept	Sallez et al. (2010)	3
Collaboration mechanisms to increase productivity in the context of industrie 4.0	Schuh et al. (2014)	3
Business model generation. A handbook for visionaries, game changers, and challengers	Osterwalder and Pigneur (2010)	3
Enterprise integration and interoperability in manufacturing systems: Trends and issues	Panetto and Molina (2008)	3
Implementing Smart Factory Industrie 4.0: An Outlook	Wang et al. (2016)	3
Smart Factory-Towards a factory-of-things	Zuehlke (2010)	3
Design principles for Industrie 4.0 scenarios: A literature review	Hermann, Pentek, and Otto (2016)	3
Produktionsarbeit der Zukunft Industrie 4.0	Spath et al. (2013)	3
How Big Data Can Improve Manufacturing	Auschitzky, Hammer, and Rajagopaul (2014)	2

Table

Reference	Context – Why?	Content – What?
Jovane et al. (2008)	Competitiveness Sustainability	Generation and diffusion of innovation; Policy and action plan development on a national level; Product Life Cycle Management approach.
Blümel (2013)	Sustainable smart manufacturing Smart logistics processes	Production and environment; Energy and living; Mobility and transportation; Safety and security.
Prause (2015)	Competitiveness Innovation Productivity Job creation Increase exports	Open innovation in production networks; Sustainable service design covering the entire life-cycle of products.
Stock and Seliger (2016)	Meet worldwide demand for capital and consumer goods Ensure sustainable development	Horizontal integration across the entire value creation network; End-to-end engineering across the entire product life cycle; Vertical integration and networked manufacturing systems vertical integration and networked manufacturing systems.
Bakkari and Khatory (2017)	Instability of the market Short duration of the life of the product Individualisation of the product and globalisation Sustainability of resources	Industrial technology investments; Countries’ industrial strategies in the long term; Interdisciplinary organisation.
Müller, Kiel, and Voigt (2018)	Industrial value creation and competitiveness Flexibility and customisation Increase profit with higher efficiency and quality Improve workplace conditions	Process transparency in intra- and inter-firm logistics and production processes; Customer orientation and service-based business models.

Table

Title	Vert. and Horiz. value chains	Product and Serv. offer.	Digit. Busin. Mod. and Cust. Access	Content	Context	Process
Jovane et al. (2008)	✓			✓	✓
Larreina et al. (2013)	✓					✓
Blümel (2013)	✓	✓		✓	✓
Shrouf, Ordieres, and Miragliotta (2014)	✓			✓
Stark et al. (2014)			✓	✓	✓	✓
Lee et al. (2015)			✓			✓
Severengiz et al. (2015)			✓	✓		✓
Schuh, Reuter, and Hauptvogel (2015)	✓			✓
Prause (2015)	✓	✓	✓	✓	✓
Stock and Seliger (2016)		✓	✓	✓	✓	✓
Cerri and Terzi (2016)	✓					✓
Gabriel and Pessl (2016)	✓			✓	✓
Angioletti et al. (2016)	✓		✓	✓
Trentesaux, Borangiu, and Thomas (2016)	✓		✓		✓
Watanabe et al. (2016)		✓	✓	✓		✓
Gerlitz (2016)		✓	✓
Frolov et al. (2017)	✓			✓	✓
Bakkari and Khatory (2017)			✓	✓	✓
Miranda et al. (2017)		✓	✓	✓	✓	✓
Prause and Atari (2017)			✓	✓	✓
Martín et al. (2017)	✓			✓
Kiel et al. (2017)	✓	✓	✓
Morrar and Arman (2017)			✓	✓	✓
De Man and Strandhagen (2017)	✓	✓	✓	✓	✓
Strandhagen et al. (2017)	✓	✓	✓	✓	✓
Zhang et al. (2017)	✓	✓		✓	✓	✓
Ferrera et al. (2017)	✓					✓
Kumar, Shankar, and Thakur (2017)	✓			✓		✓
Waibel et al. (2017)			✓			✓
Syafrudin et al. (2017)	✓					✓
Lin, Shyu, and Ding (2017)			✓	✓	✓
Bernstein et al. (2017)	✓			✓	✓	✓
Bogle (2017)			✓	✓
Duarte and Cruz-Machado (2017)	✓		✓	✓
Müller, Kiel, and Voigt (2018)			✓	✓	✓

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