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Psychoanalytic Theory and Technique

The feeling of real: On Winnicott’s “Communicating and Not Communicating Leading to a Study of Certain Opposites”

Pages 1288-1304 | Published online: 15 Jan 2019
 

ABSTRACT

In “Communicating and Not Communicating Leading to a Study of Certain Opposites,” Winnicott introduces the radical idea that communicating with subjective objects is “cul-de-sac” communication (communication not meant for any external or internal object), but which nonetheless endows every aspect of one’s experience with “all the sense of real.” He conceives of the “main point” of his paper to be the idea that “each individual is an isolate, permanently non-communicating, permanently unknown, in fact unfound.” I suggest that the “main point” is more inclusive and might be stated as: each individual needs equally to be found (recognized, but not exposed) and to be unfound (an incommunicado isolate). Winnicott warns that when an analysis has reached the depths of the patient’s personality, interpreting destructively introduces what is “not-me” too close to the core self, so “the analyst had better wait.” An unstated question arises: what does the analyst do while he waits other than remaining silent? I respond to this question by giving clinical examples from my own clinical work. Winnicott ends the paper with the language of poetry in his effort to communicate something of the mystery of being that is “absolutely personal” to each of us. Winnicott at the end of his paper sheds the language of prose and adopts the language of poetry in what I view as his effort to communicate something of the mystery of being.

Dans « De la communication et de la non-communication suivi d'une étude de certains contraires », Winnicott introduit une idée radicale, à savoir que la communication avec des objets subjectifs est une communication en « cul-de-sac » (une communication qui ne vise pas un objet externe ou interne), mais qui, néanmoins, dote toute expérience de la qualité d'être « éprouvée comme réelle ». « Le point essentiel » de son article est que « chaque individu est un élément isolé en état de non-communication permanente, toujours inconnu, jamais découvert en fait ». J'ajouterais que ce « point essentiel » comporte un aspect supplémentaire : chaque individu a besoin à la fois d'être trouvé (reconnu sans être exposé) et de demeurer inconnu (isolé et sans contact avec l'extérieur). Winnicott nous lance un avertissement : lorsque l'analyse a atteint « les couches les plus profondes de la personnalité », l'interprétation peut s'avérer destructrice, en ce qu'elle introduit ce qui est « non moi », trop près du noyau du self ; dès lors, ce que « l'analyste a de mieux à faire, c'est d'attendre ». Surgit alors une question implicite : que fait l'analyste hormis rester silencieuxJe réponds à cette question en donnant des exemples cliniques issus de ma pratique. Winnicott conclut son article en faisant usage d'un langage poétique pour communiquer quelque chose d'inhérent au mystère d' « être vie » qui, pour tout individu, est « absolument personnel ».

In seinem Aufsatz “Communicating and not communicating leading to a study of certain opposites” [“Kommunizieren und Nicht-Kommunizieren führt zu einer Untersuchung bestimmter Gegensätze”] stellt Winnicott die radikale Überlegung vor, dass das Kommunizieren mit subjektiven Objekten eine Sackgassenkommunikation sei (eine Kommunikation, die sich an kein äußeres oder inneres Objekt richtet), die aber gleichwohl jeden Aspekt des eigenen Erlebens “völlig real” erscheinen lasse. Als „Hauptpunkt“ seines Beitrags präsentiert er die Überlegung, dass “jedes Individuum ein Isolierter” sei, “auf immer nicht-kommunizierend, auf immer unerkannt, ja, unaufgefunden”. Ich vertrete die Ansicht, dass der “Hauptpunkt” wie folgt formuliert werden kann: Jedes Individuum muss gefunden (erkannt, aber nicht exponiert) werden und gleichzeitig (als nicht-kommunizierender Isolierter) ungefunden bleiben. Winnicott warnt davor, dem Kernselbst durch die Deutungsarbeit ein Nicht-Ich aufzudrängen. Der Analytiker, so seine Empfehlung, solle besser abwarten. Hier stellt sich eine unausgesprochene Frage: Was tut der Analytiker, während er wartet – abgesehen davon, dass er schweigt? Ich beantworte diese Frage, indem ich ein Fallbeispiel aus meiner eigenen Praxis vorstelle. Winnicott schließt seinen Beitrag mit einer lyrischen Note, um etwas von dem Geheimnis des Seins zu vermitteln, das für jeden von uns “absolut persönlich” ist.

Nel suo paper “Comunicare e non comunicare: studio su alcuni opposti”, Winnicott presenta l’idea radicale per cui comunicare con oggetti soggettivi sarebbe un tipo di comunicazione “a fondo cieco”: una comunicazione, cioè, che pur non rivolgendosi ad alcun oggetto esterno o interno ha nondimeno il potere di conferire a ogni aspetto dell’esperienza di ciascuno “tutto il senso del reale”. Il “punto principale” dell’articolo è secondo Winnicott il concetto che “ogni individuo è isolato, costantemente non comunicante, costantemente ignoto, di fatto non scoperto”. In questo articolo suggerisco per parte mia che “il punto principale” ha una portata più ampia, e potrebbe venire così formulato: ogni individuo ha pari bisogno di essere scoperto (riconosciuto, ma non esposto) e di rimanere non scoperto (in un isolamento non-comunicativo). Winnicott ci avverte del fatto che, quando in un’analisi si sono raggiunti gli strati più profondi della personalità di un paziente, interpretare può risultare un’operazione distruttiva nella misura in cui porta ciò che è “non-me” troppo vicino al Sé più intimo del paziente, per cui “l’analista deve aspettare”. Sorge allora una domanda non formulata nel testo: che cos’è che fa l’analista mentre aspetta, oltre a restare in silenzio? A questa domanda risponderò qui con alcuni esempi tratti dal mio lavoro clinico con alcuni pazienti. Winnicott conclude il suo paper adoperando un linguaggio poetico: egli prova in tal modo a comunicarci qualcosa di quel mistero “assolutamente personale” che è per ciascuno di noi l’esistere.

En su artículo “El comunicarse y el no comunicarse que conducen a un estudio de ciertos opuestos”, Winnicott introduce la idea radical de que comunicarse con los objetos subjetivos es una comunicación “cul-de sac” (comunicación no destinada a ningún objeto externo ni interno), pero que, sin embargo, dota a cada uno de los aspectos de la experiencia de “toda la sensación de ser real”. Además, considera que el “punto principal” de su escrito es la idea de que “cada individuo es un aislado en permanente incomunicación, permanentemente desconocido, en realidad, no descubierto”. El autor sugiere que el punto principal es más inclusivo y podría ser enunciado así: toda persona necesita por igual ser encontrada (reconocida, pero no expuesta) y no ser encontrada (un aislado incomunicado). Winnicott advierte que cuando un análisis ha alcanzado las capas más profundas de la personalidad del paciente, la interpretación introduce destructivamente lo que es “no-yo” demasiado cerca del self nuclear, de manera que “el analista debe mejor aguardar”. Surge una pregunta: ¿Qué hace el analista mientras aguarda sino es quedarse en silencio? El autor responde mediante ejemplos de su trabajo clínico. Winnicott finaliza el artículo con el lenguaje de la poesía en un esfuerzo por comunicar algo del misterio de ser/existir que es “absolutamente personal” a cada uno de nosotros.

Notes

1 This discussion of “Communicating and not communicating” is the twelfth in a series of articles in which I offer “creative readings” of seminal analytic contributions. I have previously discussed works by Freud, Winnicott, Isaacs, Fairbairn, Bion, Loewald, and Searles (Ogden Citation2001, Citation2002, Citation2004, Citation2006, Citation2007a, Citation2007b, Citation2010, Citation2011, Citation2014, Citation2015, Citation2016).

2 Unless otherwise indicated, page numbers refer to Winnicott (Citation1963a).

3 While the considerable differences between Winnicott’s theory and technique and those of Melanie Klein are evident throughout this paper, nowhere does Winnicott draw such emphatic lines between his approach and Klein’s as he does in the paragraph just cited (though he does not mention her by name). I infer that he is referring to her analytic technique when he speaks here of “the analyst [who] interprets instead of waiting” and when he warns of “know[ing] too much.” Winnicott contrasts this with his own approach to interpretation: “I have always felt that an important function of the interpretation is the establishment of the limits of the analyst’s understanding” (189).

4 I use the term reverie to refer to the analyst’s waking dreaming in the analytic session. It is a type of receptivity to derivatives of what is occurring at an unconscious level in the analytic relationship (usually in the form of what on the surface seems like one’s own meandering thoughts) (Ogden Citation1994, Citation1997).

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