Transparent for Whom? Dissemination of Information on Ghana’s Petroleum and Mining Revenue Management

Figures & data

Table 1. Determinants of access to natural resource revenue information

Individual	Household	Geographic location
Personal aspects ● Age, gender and ethnic background ● Education ● Literacy ● Mobility Social and role related aspects ● Occupation ● Position in household ● Position in the community ● Political engagement	● Household size ● Living conditions ● Access to media ● Engagement in mining	● Urban vs. rural ● Remoteness ● Presence of an extractive company

Figure 1. Main media information sources for what happens in Ghana (Panel A) and in the respondent’s own area (Panel B) in general and for information about how natural resource revenues are handled in Ghana (NRRM, Panel C) and in the respondent’s own area (LRRM, Panel D) in per cent.

Notes: As all respondents could list two main information sources, the per cent shares add up to 200%. UC: Unit Committee; DA: District Assembly. Original data with further breakdown can be found in Supplementary Appendix, SA Tables 1 and 2.

Figure 2. Main personal information sources for what happens in Ghana (Panel A) and in the respondent’s own area (Panel B) in general and for information about how natural resource revenues are handled in Ghana (NRRM, Panel C) and in the respondent’s own area (LRRM, Panel D) in per cent.

Notes: As all respondents could list two main information sources, the per cent shares add up to 200%. UC: Unit Committee; DA: District Assembly. Original data with further breakdown can be found in Supplementary Appendix, SA Tables 1 and 2.

Figure 3. Most and least trusted media (Panels A and C) and personal (Panels B and D) information sources in per cent.

Notes: As all respondents could list two main information sources, the per cent shares add up to 200%. UC: Unit Committee; DA: District Assembly. Original data with further breakdown can be found in Supplementary Appendix, SA Table 5.

Table 2. Characteristics of informed citizens, national resource revenue management

	(1)	(2)	(3)	(4)
	Individual	Household	Geographic	Combined
English skills	1.193***			1.141***
	(4.58)			(3.18)
	0.000			0.002
Travel to Accra	1.295***			1.242***
	(3.46)			(2.72)
	0.001			0.007
Occupation mining	1.936**			1.558
	(2.04)			(1.44)
	0.043			0.152
Nonelite citizen	0.676***			0.675***
	(−6.22)			(−6.17)
	0.000			0.000
Interest in politics	1.059***			1.037*
	(2.80)			(1.68)
	0.006			0.096
HH living conditions		1.107***		1.059*
		(3.71)		(1.97)
		0.000		0.052
HH TV		1.260**		1.041
		(2.60)		(0.40)
		0.011		0.692
HH radio		1.639***		1.420**
		(3.79)		(2.43)
		0.000		0.017
Distance to regional capital			0.998**	0.999
			(−2.36)	(−1.41)
			0.020	0.163
Urban area			1.180***	1.093
			(2.84)	(1.41)
			0.005	0.161
Presence of mining company			1.405***	1.334***
			(4.68)	(3.63)
			0.000	0.000
Number of districts	120	120	120	120
Observations	3,462	3,478	3,425	3,384

Notes: Table shows results for probit regressions, coefficients are shown in odds ratios. Robust t-values are in parentheses and p-values are shown under t-values. Estimations use two-stage clustering (districts and electoral area). Models 1, 2 and 3 are based on preliminary estimations, which are included in Supplementary Appendix. *** p < 0.01, ** p < 0.05, * p < 0.1

Table 3. Characteristics of informed citizens, local resource revenue management

	(1)	(2)	(3)	(4)
	Individual	Household	Geographic	Combined
Age	0.994*			0.994*
	(−1.90)			(−1.84)
	0.060			0.068
English skills	1.098*			1.053
	(1.83)			(1.00)
	0.070			0.320
Occupation mining	2.641**			1.634
	(2.42)			(1.12)
	0.017			0.266
Nonelite citizen	0.777***			0.787**
	(−2.84)			(−2.56)
	0.005			0.012
HH involved in mining		1.696***		1.431**
		(3.92)		(2.24)
		0.000		0.027
HH living conditions		1.062*		1.033
		(1.67)		(0.91)
		0.097		0.364
HH radio		1.532*		1.392
		(1.96)		(1.47)
		0.052		0.143
Distance to regional capital			0.998**	0.998
			(−2.00)	(−1.63)
			0.048	0.107
Presence of mining company			1.563***	1.414***
			(4.50)	(3.40)
			0.000	0.001
Number of districts	120	120	120	120
Observations	3,432	3,462	3,422	3,353

Notes: Table shows results for probit regressions, coefficients are shown in odds ratios. Robust t-values are in parentheses and p-values are shown under t-values. Estimations use two-stage clustering (districts and electoral area). Models 1, 2 and 3 are based on preliminary estimations, which are included in Supplementary Appendix. *** p < 0.01, ** p < 0.05, * p < 0.1

Table

Variable	Obs	Mean	Min	Max	Definition
National revenue management (NRRM)	3492	0.31	0	1	Dummy: 1 if respondent had in the past year received or heard any information from any source about how revenues from oil, gas or mining had been handled in Ghana
Local revenue management (LRRM)	3487	0.07	0	1	Dummy: 1 if respondent had in the past year received or heard any information from any source about how revenues from oil, gas or mining had been handled in own area
Age	3466	46	18	110	Age in years
Gender	3518	0.22	0	1	Dummy: 1 if respondent is female
Ethnic majority	3526	0.58	0	1	Dummy: 1 if respondent is Akan
Education	3513	4.57	0	8	Scale from 0 to 8. 0: None (13%); 1: Incomplete primary school (4%); 2: Completed primary school (2%); 3: Incomplete junior high school (5%); 4: Complete junior (32%); 5: Incomplete secondary/technical school (2%); 6: Completed secondary/technical school (18%); 7: Incomplete tertiary (2%); 8: Completed tertiary (22%)
Travel to Accra	3515	0.72	0	1	Dummy: 1 if respondent has travelled to Accra during the past six months
English skills	3513	1.48	0	2	Scale from 0 to 2. 0: Cannot read or write English; 1: Can read English; 2: Can read and write English
Household head	3526	0.71	0	1	Dummy: 1 if respondent is household head
Occupation mining	3526	0.01	0	1	Dummy: 1 if respondent's main occupation is mining
Common citizen	3526	0.34	0	1	Dummy: 1 if respondent does not have any leader position
DA	3526	0.16	0	1	Dummy: 1 if respondent is District Assembly member
UC	3526	0.17	0	1	Dummy: 1 if respondent is Unit Committee member
Chief	3526	0.11	0	1	Dummy: 1 if respondent is traditional leader
Opinion leader	3526	0.22	0	1	Dummy: 1 if respondent is opinion leader (teacher, religious leader, youth leader etc.)
Interest in politics	3495	2.39	0	5	How often the respondent discusses political matters and public affairs with friends, family or colleagues? 6-point scale: Never, Rarely, Sometimes, Often, Very often, All the time
HH size	3469	4.91	0	30	Number of adults living permanently in the household
HH involved in mining	3507	0.06	0	1	Dummy: 1 if someone in the household currently engages in mining
HH living conditions	3505	1.99	0	4	Respondent's self-assessment of households’ present living conditions. 5-point Likert scale from very bad to very good
HH TV	3517	0.85	0	1	Dummy: 1 if household owns TV
HH radio	3516	0.93	0	1	Dummy: 1 if household owns radio
Presence of mining company	3469	0.18	0	1	Dummy: 1 if respondent indicates that a mining or oil company operate in or nearby area
Distance to regional capital	3499	56	1	166	Dummy: Distance in kilometers to the closest regional capital. Measured as direct line (geodesic) from the interview spot (latitude and longitude coordinates).
Urban area	3526	0.46	0	1	Dummy: 1 if the district is considered as urban area