Public Work and Private Violence

Figures & data

Figure 1. Risk of first violence, by years in marriage.

Note: The hazard rates show the number of women who experience violence for the first time in a given marriage year, divided by the number of women at risk in that marriage year.

Table 1. Summary statistics, MGNREGA

	2012	2013	2014	2015
Log workers	9.817	9.743	9.649	9.350
Log card applications	10.550	10.523	10.472	10.427
Female ratio	0.386	0.389	0.408	0.419

Figure 2. Annual changes in the number of MGNREGA workers, log-points.

Notes: The figure shows a whisker plot of annual log-point changes in the number of MGNREGA workers, based on the 2259 blocks in our estimation sample. The vertical boxes denote the 25th (lower hinge) and the 75th percentile (upper hinge).

Table 2. Relationship between MGNREGA, droughts, and night-time light

	Log card applications			Log persons worked
	(1)	(2)	(3)	(4)	(5)	(6)
Extreme drought	0.049***			−0.038
	(0.015)			(0.062)
Extreme or severe drought		0.020***			−0.017
		(0.007)			(0.022)
Log night-time light			−0.036***			0.047
			(0.013)			(0.049)
Observations	11,151	11,151	10,883	11,151	11,151	10,883

Notes: Robust standard errors clustered on blocks are shown in parentheses. The regressions include block and year fixed effects.

***Significant at 1 per cent.

Table 3. Impact of MGNREGA on intimate partner violence

	(1)	(2)	(3)	(4)	(5)
Log MGNREGA workers	0.013***	0.012***	0.013***	0.008**	0.008**
	(0.004)	(0.004)	(0.004)	(0.004)	(0.004)
Observations	11,151	11,151	11,151	11,151	11,151
Marriage length FEs	No	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes
Age-group FEs	No	No	Yes	Yes	Yes
Year FEs	No	No	No	Yes	Yes
Individual controls	No	No	No	No	Yes

Notes: Robust standard errors clustered on blocks are shown in parentheses. All regressions include block fixed effects.

**Significant at 5 per cent.

***Significant at 1 per cent.

Table 4. Placebo and alternative time trends

	Placebo	Common trend	State-specific trend	District-specific trend	Block-specific trend	Year × state FEs
	(1)	(2)	(3)	(4)	(5)	(6)
Log MGNREGA workers, t + 2	0.000
	(0.007)
Log MGNREGA workers		0.011***	0.014***	0.013**	0.018***	0.010**
		(0.004)	(0.004)	(0.006)	(0.007)	(0.005)
Observations	11,126	11,151	11,151	11,151	11,151	11,151

Notes: Robust standard errors clustered on blocks are shown in parentheses. All regressions include block fixed effects, year fixed effects, marriage length fixed effects, age-group fixed effects, and individual time-invariant controls.

**Significant at 5 per cent.

***Significant at 1 per cent.

Table 5. Impact of gender-specific MGNREGA on intimate partner violence

	(1)
Log MGNREGA workdays females	0.018**
	(0.008)
Log MGNREGA workdays males	−0.013
	(0.008)
Observations	11,151

Notes: Robust standard errors clustered on blocks are shown in parentheses. The regression includes block fixed effects, year fixed effects, marriage length fixed effects, age-group fixed effects and individual time-invariant controls.

**Significant at 5 per cent.

Table 6. Heterogeneity of MGNREGA effect by female labour force participation (LFP)

	Economic Census (block)		NSS (district)
	(1)	(2)	(3)	(4)
Log MGNREGA workers	0.007*	0.004	0.005	−0.008
	(0.004)	(0.005)	(0.005)	(0.009)
Log MGNREGA workers	−0.005**		−0.006
× Standardized female LFP	(0.003)		(0.005)
Log MGNREGA workers		0.009		0.021**
× Below median female LFP		(0.009)		(0.009)
Observations	9823	9823	10,710	10,710

Notes: Robust standard errors are shown in parentheses. The standard errors in Column (1) and (2) are clustered on blocks, while those in Column (3) and (4) are clustered on districts. All regressions include block fixed effects, year fixed effects, marriage length fixed effects, age-group fixed effects, and individual time-invariant controls.

*Significant at 10 per cent.

**Significant at 5 per cent.

Table A1. Impact of MGNREGA on intimate partner violence, controlling for time-varying variables

	(1)	(2)	(3)	(4)	(5)
Log MGNREGA workers	0.009**	0.008**	0.007	0.009**	0.009*
	(0.004)	(0.004)	(0.004)	(0.004)	(0.005)
Log MGNREGA card applications	−0.009				−0.002
	(0.016)				(0.017)
Extreme drought		−0.007			−0.007
		(0.013)			(0.013)
Extreme or severe drought		−0.002			−0.003
		(0.006)			(0.007)
Log night-time light			0.006		0.005
			(0.010)		(0.010)
Log GDP per capita				−0.116	−0.140*
				(0.073)	(0.077)
Observations	11,151	11,151	10,883	11,151	10,883

Notes. The regressions in the table gradually include time-varying controls. Robust standard errors clustered on blocks are shown in parentheses. All regressions include block fixed effects, year fixed effects, marriage length fixed effects, age-group fixed effects, and individual time-invariant controls.

*Significant at 10 per cent.

**Significant at 5 per cent.

Table A2. Heterogeneity of MGNREGA effect by past female labour force participation (LFP)

	Economic Census 1998 (block)
	(1)	(2)
Log MGNREGA workers	0.012***	0.010**
	(0.004)	(0.005)
Log MGNREGA workers	−0.007*
× Standardized past female LFP	(0.004)
Log MGNREGA workers		0.003
× Below median past female LFP		(0.009)
Observations	10,278	10,278

Notes. The table repeats the heterogeneity exercise from Section 5.2, using a measure of past prevalence of female labour force participation taken from the Economic Census of 1998. Robust standard errors clustered on blocks are shown in parentheses. All regressions include block fixed effects, year fixed effects, marriage length fixed effects, age-group fixed effects and individual time-invariant controls.

*Significant at 10 per cent.

**Significant at 5 per cent.

***Significant at 1 per cent.