Leisure and psychosocial functioning during the COVID-19 pandemic: Exploring data from adolescents and parents of adolescents

Figures & data

Table 1. Regression analysis for predictors of depressive symptoms among youth and parents.

Parameters	Model 1	Model 2	Model 3
	Unstandardized coefficient (std. error)	Unstandardized coefficient (std. error)	Unstandardized coefficient (std. error)
Intercept	11.24 (4.48)*	0.62 (5.13)	−3.09 (9.54)
Demographics
Gender	2.28 (1.19)	2.94 (1.25)*	2.69 (1.28)*
Race	1.78 (1.48)	0.58 (1.41)	0.67 (1.44)
Generation	2.97 (1.34)*	3.44 (1.27)**	5.95 (5.17)
Income	−0.87 (0.51)	−0.71 (0.50)	−0.57 (0.52)
Residential area	−0.00 (0.46)	0.24 (0.43)	0.17 (0.44)
Employment status	0.15 (1.37)	0.46 (1.31)	0.58 (1.34)
Change in employment	2.20 (1.25)	2.65 (1.19)*	2.33 (1.22)
Local COVID severity	0.36 (0.55)	0.42 (0.52)	0.44 (0.53)
Leisure activities
Physical activity		−0.09 (0.27)	0.85 (0.86)
Outdoor time		−0.34 (0.59)	−1.92 (2.05)
Reading		0.40 (0.56)	0.40 (2.11)
Socializing		0.82 (0.53)	3.01 (2.05)
TV/video games		2.71 (0.69)***	2.76 (2.10)
Social media		0.88 (0.51)	1.29 (1.79)
Interactions
Generation * Physical activity			−0.66 (0.56)
Generation * Outdoor time			1.14 (1.24)
Generation * Reading			0.00 (1.22)
Generation * Socializing			−1.27 (1.18)
Generation * TV/video games			−0.14 (1.33)
Generation * Social media			−0.20 (1.04)
Model statistics
df	8	14	20
p-Value	0.052	<0.001	<0.001
R^2	0.078	0.222	0.237
R^2 adjusted	0.038	0.162	0.150

*p < 0.05; **p < 0.01; ***p < 0.001

Table 2. Regression analysis for predictors of general anxiety among youth and parents.

Parameters	Model 1	Model 2
	Unstandardized coefficient (std. error)	Unstandardized coefficient (std. error)
Intercept	−0.30 (2.61)	−4.56 (3.06)
Demographics
Gender	2.19 (0.72)**	1.91 (0.76)*
Race	1.87 (0.89)*	1.20 (0.86)
Generation	0.64 (0.80)	0.69 (0.77)
Income	−0.45 (0.30)	−0.29 (0.30)
Residential area	0.06 (0.26)	0.22 (0.25)
Employment status	0.83 (0.82)	0.86 (0.80)
Change in employment	0.85 (0.75)	0.89 (0.72)
Local COVID severity	0.43 (0.33)	0.48 (0.31)
Leisure activities
Physical activity		−0.15 (0.16)
Outdoor time		−0.14 (0.36)
Reading		0.28 (0.33)
Socializing		0.47 (0.32)
TV/video games		0.93 (0.42)*
Social media		0.94 (0.31)**
Model statistics
df	8	14
p-Value	0.005	<0.001
R^2	0.107	0.227
R^2 adjusted	0.069	0.169

*p < 0.05; **p < 0.01; ***p < 0.001

Table 3. Regression analysis for predictors of emotional support among youth and parents.

Parameters	Model 1	Model 2
	Unstandardized coefficient (std. error)	Unstandardized coefficient (std. error)
Intercept	14.62 (1.84)***	11.69 (2.19)***
Demographics
Gender	0.79 (0.50)	1.36 (0.54)*
Race	−2.46 (0.62)***	−.254 (0.61)***
Generation	0.53 (0.56)	0.64 (0.55)
Income	−0.10 (0.21)	−0.12 (0.21)
Residential area	0.17 (0.19)	0.05 (0.18)
Employment status	−0.15 (0.58)	−0.06 (0.57)
Change in employment	0.44 (0.53)	0.64 (0.51)
Local COVID severity	0.12 (0.23)	0.17 (0.22)
Leisure activities
Physical activity		0.27 (0.11)*
Outdoor time		0.61 (0.25)*
Reading		−0.24 (0.24)
Socializing		−0.00 (0.23)
TV/video games		0.43 (0.30)
Social media		−0.48 (0.22)*
Model statistics
df	8	14
p-Value	0.003	<0.001
R^2	0.111	0.203
R^2 adjusted	0.074	0.144

*p < 0.05; **p < 0.01; ***p < 0.001.

Table 4. Number and percentage of participants in each change category for each type of leisure activity.

	Decrease	No change	Increase
Outdoor time	n = 40 (15.2%)	n = 133 (50.4%)	n = 91 (34.5%)
Physical activity	n = 72 (27.0%)	n = 99 (37.1%)	n = 96 (36.0%)
Reading	n = 40 (15.0%)	n = 162 (60.7%)	n = 65 (24.3%)
Socializing	n = 125 (47.0%)	n = 116 (43.6%)	n = 25 (9.4%)
TV/video gaming	n = 27 (10.1%)	n = 132 (49.2%)	n = 109 (40.7%)
Social media	n = 24 (9.1%)	n = 178 (67.2%)	n = 63 (23.8%)

Table 5. ANOVA tests for differences in psychosocial health for parents and adolescents whose leisure involvement decreased, increased, or exhibited no change.

	Decrease		No change		Increase		df	F
	M	SD	M	SD	M	SD
Depressive symptoms
Change in physical activity	20.7	7.9	17.7	6.8	18.6	8.2	2, 202	1.33
Change in outdoor time	18.6	8.4	19.3	7.9	18.8	7.4	2, 199	0.14
Change in reading	20.7	8.5	18.3	7.7	19.2	7.4	2, 201	0.77
Change in socializing	20.0	7.1	17.3	7.7	21.1	9.8	2, 200	3.05
Change in TV/video gaming	18.5	6.5	18.3	8.4	19.7	7.3	2, 202	0.27
Change in social media	18.8	8.1	18.6	7.7	20.1	8.1	2, 199	0.37
General anxiety
Change in physical activity	5.0	4.0	5.0	5.3	5.7	4.9	2, 206	0.88
Change in outdoor time	5.0	5.7	5.4	4.9	5.1	4.2	2, 204	0.18
Change in reading	6.6	5.1	4.7	4.8	5.6	4.3	2, 206	2.24
Change in socializing	5.9	5.0	4.5	4.1	6.0	6.2	2, 205	3.01
Change in TV/video gaming	4.4	4.0	5.6	5.2	5.1	4.5	2, 207	0.79
Change in social media	5.8	6.3	4.9	4.7	6.0	4.6	2, 204	0.94
Emotional support
Change in physical activity	16.7	2.9	16.9	3.6	16.8	3.5	2, 206	0.19
Change in outdoor time	16.3	3.7	16.9	3.1	17.1	3.6	2, 204	1.08
Change in reading	16.5	3.9	16.9	3.4	16.8	3.1	2, 206	0.21
Change in socializing	16.7	3.5	17.1	3.1	16.7	3.7	2, 205	0.27
Change in TV/video gaming	17.1	3.4	16.7	3.3	16.9	3.4	2, 207	0.25
Change in social media	16.9	3.4	17.1	3.2	16.2	3.8	2, 205	0.98

*p < 0.05; **p < 0.01; ***p < 0.001.