Evaluating the Construct Validity of the Norwegian Version of the Level of Personality Functioning Scale – Brief Form 2.0 in a Large Clinical Sample

Figures & data

Table 1. Demographics and diagnostic prevalence at baseline.

	Prevalence
Demographics
Living alone	31%
Self-mutilation last 6 months	37%
History of suicide attempts	41%
Suicide attempts last 6 months	12%
Symptom diagnoses*
One or more symptom disorders	94%
Current major depressive disorder	48%
Major depressive disorder in remission	10%
Dysthymic disorder	12%
Bipolar I	2%
Bipolar II	4%
Panic without agoraphobia	9 %
Panic with agoraphobia	9 %
Agoraphobia without panic	5%
Social phobia	25%
Obsessive-compulsive disorder	5%
Generalized anxiety disorder	17%
Post-traumatic stress disorder	13%
Alcohol dependence/abuse	7%
Substance dependence/abuse	4%
Eating disorders	8%
Personality disorders
One or more personality disorders	69%
Paranoid PD	9%
Borderline PD	33%
Avoidant PD	36%
Obsessive-compulsive PD	7%
Dependent PD	5%
PD NOS**	3%

Note: *Diagnoses occurring in less than 2% not included.

** PD NOS: Personality disorder not otherwise specified.

Table 2. Items of the LPFS-BF 2.0, descriptive statistics, factor loadings of the bifactor model, and factor loadings of the final CFA model.

			Bifactor model			CFA
	Mean	SD	G	S1	S2	F1	F2
1. I often do not know who I really am	1.64	1.04	.48	.49		.66
2. I often think negatively about myself	2.44	0.75	.32	.52		.82	-.31
3. My emotions change without me having grip on them	2.05	0.92	.49	.38		.64
4. I have no sense of where I want to go in my life	1.71	1.05	.33	.40		.49
5. I often do not understand my own thoughts and feelings	1.73	0.95	.48	.55		.70
6. I often make unrealistic demands on myself	1.82	1.02	.33	.31		.46
7. I often have difficulty understanding the thoughts and feelings of others	1.09	0.98	.62		.29		.67
8. I often find it hard to stand it when others have a different opinion	1.16	0.98	.60		.29		.68
9. I often do not fully understand why my behavior has a certain effect on others	0.95	0.96	.73		.35		.76
10. My relationships and friendships never last long	1.12	1.02	.61		-.06		.60
11. I often feel very vulnerable when relations become more personal	2.09	0.99	.63		-.48	.41	.10
12. I often do not succeed in cooperating with others in mutually satisfactory way	0.69	0.89	.66		.18		.67

Note: S1/F1= self-functioning; S2/F2= interpersonal functioning. Correlation between F1 and F2 = .66.

Residual correlation between item 8 and 10 in the CFA = -.27; residual correlation between item 10 and 11 = .25.

Factor loadings of the CFA were all significant at the <.001 level, except for item 11 on F2 (p=.02).

Table 3. Descriptive statistics of clinical measures and their correlations with LPFS-BF 2.0 scores.

	Descriptives			Correlations
	N	Mean	SD	Total	Self	Interpersonal
LPFS-BF 2.0 total score	1673	1.54	0.54
LPFS-BF 2.0 self	1673	1.90	0.61	0.856
LPFS-BF 2.0 interpersonal	1672	1.19	0.64	0.869	0.490
GFS functioning	1505	54.49	7.72	−0.137	−0.162	−0.076
GFS symptoms	1506	53.41	5.96	−0.234	−0.258	−0.149
WSAS	1687	23.47	7.93	0.339	0.365	0.225
PHQ-9	1688	18.00	5.52	0.457	0.509	0.285
GAD-7	1674	13.15	4.73	0.445	0.432	0.340
IIP	1684	1.67	0.53	0.607	0.502	0.546
Number of PD criteria:
Paranoid criteria	1316	1.24	1.50	0.313	0.194	0.347
Schizoid criteria	1316	0.35	0.81	0.050	0.015	0.071
Schizotypal criteria	1316	0.47	0.85	0.133	0.070	0.162
Antisocial criteria^1	1316	0.27	0.83	0.084	0.028	0.111
Borderline criteria	1316	3.11	2.61	0.455	0.375	0.413
Histrionic criteria	1316	0.37	0.83	0.185	0.119	0.198
Narcissistic criteria	1316	0.29	0.81	0.230	0.116	0.280
Avoidant criteria	1316	2.72	2.18	0.154	0.207	0.065
Dependent criteria	1316	1.32	1.52	0.180	0.206	0.110
Obs.-comp. criteria	1316	1.07	1.41	0.163	0.123	0.163
Total PD criteria^2	1316	11.21	6.64	0.463	0.378	0.425
SIPP facets^3:
Emotion regulation	1666	29.64	13.12	−0.619	−0.539	−0.528
Effortful control	1667	37.02	12.92	−0.568	−0.459	−0.519
Self-respect	1667	24.07	12.00	−0.531	−0.605	−0.321
Stable self-image	1667	30.46	12.93	−0.678	−0.654	−0.517
Self-reflective functioning	1665	32.56	12.10	−0.649	−0.638	−0.486
Enjoyment	1667	28.51	11.31	−0.457	−0.479	−0.313
Purposefulness	1667	25.34	13.33	−0.555	−0.610	−0.353
Intimacy	1666	38.03	11.51	−0.382	−0.301	−0.359
Enduring relationships	1667	32.01	11.21	−0.522	−0.400	−0.500
Feeling recognized	1667	33.74	10.66	−0.619	−0.483	−0.580
Responsible industry	1667	35.98	13.59	−0.420	−0.351	−0.371
Trustworthiness	1667	36.05	15.36	−0.465	−0.369	−0.431
Aggression regulation	1667	40.50	15.59	−0.507	−0.322	−0.545
Frustration tolerance	1667	31.78	10.37	−0.593	−0.524	−0.498
Cooperation	1667	34.35	13.68	−0.539	−0.355	−0.573
Respect	1667	42.52	13.39	−0.522	−0.300	−0.593

Note: (1) Only antisocial adult criteria; (2) total number of SCID-5-PD criteria without the antisocial adolescence criteria; (3) SIPP facets is measured in T-scores based on Norwegian population norms (Pedersen et al., 2019). Correlations above |.075| were significant at the 0.01 level (2-tailed).

Pedersen, G., Arnevik, E. A., Hummelen, B., Walderhaug, E., & Wilberg, T. (2019). Psychometric properties of the Severity Indices of Personality Problems (SIPP) in two samples: A Norwegian community sample and clinical samples of patients with and without personality disorders. European Journal of Psychological Assessment, 35(5), 698–711. https://doi.org/10.1027/1015-5759/a000436

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Data availability statement

Due to restrictions imposed by the Regional Medical Ethics Committee regarding patient confidentiality, data are only available upon reasonable request. Requests for data may be sent to the Privacy and Data Protection Officer at Oslo University Hospital in Oslo, Norway.