Volumetric and viscometric properties of amino acids in aqueous solutions of various drugs at different temperatures: A review

Figures & data

Table 1. Literature reported data of limiting apparent molar volume, V ⁰_ϕ, for different amino acids in various drugs at different temperatures.

			V^0ϕ × 10^6/(m^3 mol^−1)
Drugs	Concentration of drugs (mol kg^−1/w/w%)	Amino acids	293.15 K	298.15 K	303.15 K	305.15 K	308.15 K	310.15 K	313.15 K	315.15 K	318.15 K
Metformin-HCl	0.09 mol kg^−1	L-Serine				62.99[20]		63.21[20]		63.53[20]
		L-threonine				78.42[20]		78.70[20]		78.97[20]
	0.07 mol kg^−1	L-glutamine	99.03 [21]	99.46 [21]	100.21[21]		100.81[21]		101.11[21]
		L-histidine	103.55[21]	105.13[21]	106.75[21]		108.44[21]		109.92[21]
	0.10 mol kg^−1	L-proline		86.72[22]	85.69[22]		85.26[22]		84.88[22]		84.42[22]
Streptomycin sulphate	1%	Glycine	43.83[2]	43.96[2]	44.14[2]		44.29[2]		44.41[2]		44.57[2]
		L-alanine	60.08[2]	60.32[2]	60.52[2]		60.76[2]		60.94[2]		61.11[2]
		L-valine	91.06[2]	91.23[2]	91.42[2]		91.55[2]		91.72[2]		91.90[2]
		L-isoleucine	106.13[2]	106.32[2]	106.50[2]		106.65[2]		106.86[2]		107.05[2]
		L-histidine	99.86[23]	99.05[23]	99.26[23]		99.41[23]		99.63[23]		99.82[23]
		L-arginine	124.45[23]	124.58[23]	124.68[23]		124.78[23]		124.85[23]		124.92[23]
	0.02 mol kg^−1	L-serine				61.03[24]		61.72[24]		62.46[24]
		L-threonine				77.74[24]		78.23[24]		78.73[24]
		L-leucine				108.96[24]		109.33[24]		109.60[24]
Sodium Ibuprofen	0.05 mol kg^−1	Glycine	42.301[25]	42.586[25]	42.890[25]		43.187[25]
		L-alanine	59.188[25]	59.533[25]	59.826[25]		60.022[25]
		L-valine	90.033[25]	90.469[25]	90.859[25]		91.228[25]
Ampicillin	0.004 mol kg^−1	L-alanine				63.48[26]		65.33[26]		67.20[26]
		L-valine				94.11[26]		97.06[26]		101.47[26]
		L-leucine				110.04[26]		119.15[26]		125.44[26]
	0.095 mol kg^−1	L-histidine	102.75[27]	103.22[27]	103.69[27]		104.18[27]		104.70[27]
Acetylsalic-ylic acid	0.010 mol kg^−1	Glycine			46.16[28]		46.58[28]		46.79[28]
		L-serine			63.26[28]		63.61[28]		64.14[28]
		L-proline			84.82[28]		85.40[28]		85.91[28]
		L-aspargine
		monohydrat			98.90[28]		99.38[28]		99.97[28]
		L-arginine			123.00[28]		123.60[28]		124.30[28]
Domiphen bromide	0.08 mol kg^−1	Glycine	43.47[29]	44.03[29]	44.87[29]		45.97[29]
		L-Alanine	61.31[29]	61.78[29]	62.47[29]		63.33[29]
		L-Valine	91.38[29]	91.88[29]	92.74[29]		93.84[29]
		L-Leucine	108.08[29]	108.78[29]	109.78[29]		111.04[29]
		Glycylglycine	76.70[29]	77.13[29]	77.90[29]		79.33[29]
		Glycyl-L-valine	122.83[29]	123.58[29]	124.29[29]		125.90[29]
		Glycyl-L-leucine	140.58[29]	141.18[29]	142.19[29]		143.72[29]
Amoxicillin	0.04 mol kg^−1	Glycine				49.80[30]		50.32[30]		50.84[30]
		L-Alanine				66.90[30]		67.30[30]		67.68[30]
		L-Valine				96.28[30]		98.51[30]		98.75[30]
		L-Leucine				114.36[30]		114.87[30]		115.45[30]
Pentoxifylline	0.09736 mol kg^−1	Glycine	42.80[32]	43.19[32]	43.53[32]		43.70[32]
	0.09842 mol kg^−1	L-alanine	60.09[32]	60.39[32]	60.69[32]		60.91[32]
	0.09760 mol kg^−1	L-valine	90.19[32]	90.56[32]	90.88[32]		91.18[32]
	0.10119 mol kg^−1	Glycylglycine	75.58[32]	76.13[32]	76.57[32]		76.96[32]
	0.09851 mol kg^−1	Glycylglycylglycine	111.21[32]	111.84[32]	112.72[32]		113.75[32]
Hydroxypropyl-β-Cyclodextrin	0.01 mol kg^−1	Glycine	41.82[33]	42.39[33]	42.88[33]		43.46[33]
		L-alanine	59.29[33]	59.84[33]	60.44[33]		61.00[33]
		L-valine	89.32[33]	89.92[33]	90.51[33]		91.12[33]
		L-Phenyalanine	120.23[33]	120.83[33]	121.38[33]		122.01[33]
Semicarbazide hydrochloride	1%	Glycine	43.876[35]	44.043[35]	44.192[35]		44.336[35]		44.472[35]		44.604[35]
		L-Alanine	60.737[35]	60.974[35]	61.188[35]		61.385[35]		61.571[35]		61.732[35]
		L-Valine	91.194[35]	91.376[35]	91.541[35]		91.685[35]		91.807[35]		91.912[35]
		L-Isoleucine	106.304[35]	106.501[35]	106.678[35]		106.850[35]		107.010[35]		107.161[35]
		L-Arginine	123.995[36]	124.133[36]	124.256[36]		124.360[36]		124.451[36]		124.530[36]
		L-histidine	98.373[36]	98.589[36]	98.788[36]		98.966[36]		98.119[36]		99.252[36]
Gentamicin sulphate	1%	L-Arginine	124.163[38]	124.296[38]	124.413[38]		124.511[38]		124.593[38]		124.662[38]
		L-histidine	98.552[38]	98.774[38]	98.982[38]		99.170[38]		99.335[38]		99.481[38]
Dolonex	0.0601 mol kg^−1	L-alanine	60.07[39]	60.67[39]	61.33[39]		62.02[39]		62.58[39]
		L-valine	91.42[39]	91.50[39]	91.62[39]		91.71[39]		91.80[39]
Levofloxacin	0.0101 mol kg^−1	Glycine	41.680[39]	41.820[39]	42.404[39]		42.662[39]
		L-alanine	59.135[39]	59.249[39]	59.712[39]		59.910[39]
		L-valine	89.186[39]	89.394[39]	89.859[39]		90.154[39]
Amitriptyline	0.0401 mol kg^−1	L-valine				91.06[40]		91.80[40]		91.07[40]
		Glycine				41.96[40]		42.38[40]		41.54[40]
		L-histidine						100.56[40]		101.28[40]

Figure 1. Plot of Limiting apparent molar volume, V⁰_ϕ, versus temperature, T, for different amino acid in aqueous solution of metformin hydrochloride at different concentrations (a)

, L-serine in 0.09 mol kg⁻¹ Metformin hydrochloride [20], (b)

, L-threonine in 0.09 mol kg⁻¹ metformin hydrochloride [20], (c)

, L-histidine in 0.07 mol kg⁻¹ metformin hydrochloride [21], (d)

, L-glutamine in 0.07 mol kg⁻¹ metformin hydrochloride [21], and (c)

, L-proline in 0.10 mol kg⁻¹ metformin hydrochloride [22].

Figure 2. Plot of Limiting apparent molar volume, V⁰_ϕ, versus temperature, T, for different amino acid in aqueous solution of Streptomycin sulphate at different concentrations (a)

, Glycine in 1% Streptomycin sulphate [2], (b)

, L-alanine in 01% Streptomycin sulphate [2], (c)

, L-valine in 1% Streptomycin sulphate [2], (d)

, L-isoleucine in 1% Streptomycin sulphate [2], and (e)

, L-histidine in 1% Streptomycin sulphate [23], (f)

, L-arginine in 1% Streptomycin sulphate [23], (g)

, L-serine in 0.02 mol kg⁻¹ Streptomycin sulphate [24], (h)

,L-threonine in 0.02 mol kg⁻¹ Streptomycin sulphate [24], and (i)

, L-leucine in 0.02 mol kg⁻¹ Streptomycin sulphate [24].

Table 2. Literature reported data of limiting apparent molar volume of transfer, Δ_trV⁰_ϕ, for different amino acids in various drugs at different temperatures.

			ΔtrV^0ϕ × 10^6/(m^3 mol^−1)
Drugs	Concentration of drugs (mol kg^−1 / w/w %)	Amino acids	293.15 K	298.15 K	303.15 K	305.15 K	308.15 K	310.15 K	313.15 K	315.15 K	318.15 K
Metformin-Hydrochloridel	0.09 mol kg^−1	L-Serine				3.43[20]		3.19[20]		2.96[20]
		L-threonine				3.05[20]		2.81[20]		2.55[20]
	0.07 mol kg^−1	L-glutamine	5.59 [21]	5.74[21]	5.90[21]		5.96[21]		6.03[21]
		L-histidine	6.41[21]	6.62[21]	6.81[21]		7.13[21]		7.46[21]
	0.10 mol kg^−1	L-proline		4.30[22]	2.84[22]		1.98[22]		1.25[22]		0.42[22]
Streptomycin sulphate	1%	Glycine	0.579[2]	0.551[2]	0.530[2]		0.509[2]		0.491[2]		0.478[2]
		L-alanine	0.592[2]	0.598[2]	0.544[2]		0.528[2]		0.510[2]		0.497[2]
		L-valine	0.631[2]	0.607[2]	0.587[2]		0.568[2]		0.550[2]		0.534[2]
		L-isoleucine	0.645[2]	0.627[2]	0.602[2]		0.580[2]		0.563[2]		0.548[2]
		L-histidine	0.802[23]	0.769[23]	0.740[23]		0.711[23]		0.683[23]		0.654[23]
		L-arginine	0.880[23]	0.839[23]	0.797[23]		0.756[23]		0.720[23]		0.690[23]
	0.02 mol kg^−1	L-serine				0.39[24]		0.39[24]		0.44[24]
		L-threonine				0.40[24]		0.44[24]		0.42[24]
		L-leucine				0.35[24]		0.40[24]		0.40[24]
Sodium Ibuprofen	0.05 mol kg^−1	Glycine	0.361[25]	0.476[25]	0.580[25]		0.647[25]
		L-alanine	2.859[25]	3.017[25]	3.057[25]		3.071[25]
		L-valine	1.323[25]	1.519[25]	1.679[25]		1.778[25]
Ampicillin	0.004 mol kg^−1	L-alanine				3.21[26]		4.8[26]		6.37[26]
		L-valine				3.16[26]		5.79[26]		9.89[26]
		L-leucine				3.07[26]		11.81[26]		17.79[26]
	0.095 mol kg^−1	L-histidine	5.85[27]	4.96[27]	4.16[27]		3.23[27]		2.38[27]
Acetylsalicylic acid	0.010 mol kg^−1	Glycine			2.61[28]		2.57[28]		2.13[28]
		L-serine			2.42[28]		2.37[28]		2.25[28]
		L-proline			1.84[28]		1.81[28]		1.71[28]
		L-aspargine
		monohydrat	2.38[28]		2.12[28]		1.69[28]
	L-arginine				−0.90[28]		−0.70[28]		−0.60[28]
Domiphen bromide	0.08 mol kg^−1	Glycine	0.57[29]	0.79[29]	1.20[29]		1.67[29]
		L-Alanine	0.75[29]	0.93[29]	1.42[29]		2.20[29]
		L-Valine	0.84[29]	1.01[29]	1.52[29]		2.36[29]
		L-Leucine	0.95[29]	1.09[29]	1.71[29]		2.67[29]
		Glycylglycine	0.61[29]	0.84[29]	1.35[29]		2.44[29]
		Glycyl-L-valine	0.84[29]	1.33[29]	1.80[29]		2.89[29]
		Glycyl-L-leucine	1.33[29]	1.49[29]	2.07[29]		3.25[29]
Amoxicillin	0.04 mol kg^−1	Glycine				7.38[30]		7.43[30]		7.55[30]
		L-Alanine				6.06[30]		6.06[30]		6.11[30]
		L-Valine				5.57[30]		5.57[30]		5.52[30]
		L-Leucine				6.69[30]		6.91[30]		7.17[30]
Pentoxifylline	0.09736 mol kg^−1	Glycine	−0.10[32]	−0.05[32]	−0.13[32]		−0.18[32]
	0.09842 mol kg^−1	L-alanine	0.12[32]	0.03[32]	0.00[32]		−0.06[32]
	0.09760 mol kg^−1	L-valine	−0.35[32]	−0.31[32]	−0.34[32]		−0.30[32]
	0.10119 mol kg^−1	Glycylglycine	−0.01[32]	−0.09[32]	−0.05[32]		−0.08[32]
	0.09851 mol kg^−1	Glycylglycylglycine	0.45[32]	0.28[32]	0.45[32]		1.11[32]
Hydroxypropyl-β-Cyclodextrin	0.01 mol kg^−1	Glycine		−0.23[33]
		L-alanine		−0.63[33]
		L-valine		−0.78[33]
		L-phenyalnanine		−0.65[33]
Ketorolac tromethamine	0.07 mol kg^−1	L-histidine	2.91[34]	2.66[34]	2.13[34]		1.51[34]		1.30[34]
Semicarbazide hydrochloride	1%	Glycine	0.607[35]	0.591[35]	0.572[35]		0.553[35]		0.533[]		0.512[]
		L-Alanine	0.655[35]	0.639[35]	0.621[35]		0.603[35]		0.583[35]		0.562[35]
		L-Valine	0.760[35]	0.743[35]	0.725[35]		0.705[5]		0.684[35]		0.659[35]
		L-Isoleucine	0.813[35]	0.794[35]	0.775[35]		0.754[35]		0.733[35]		0.7111[35]
		L-Arginine	0.431[36]	0.413[36]	0.392[36]		0.370[36]		0.347[36]		0.323[36]
		L-histidine	0.308[36]	0.288[36]	0.263[36]		0.234[36]		0.199[36]		0.161[36]
Levofloxacin	0.01 mol kg^−1	Glycine	−0.260[37]	−0.290[37]	0.094[37]		0.122[37]
		L-alanine	1.875[37]	1.989[37]	2.452[37]		2.650[37]
		L-valine	0.476[37]	0.444[37]	0.679[37]		0.704[37]
Gentamicin sulphate	1%	L-Arginine	0.599[38]	0.576[38]	0.549[38]		0.521[38]		0.490[38]		0.455[38]
		L-histidine	0.487[38]	0.473[38]	0.457[38]		0.438[38]		0.416[38]		0.390[38]
Dolonex	0.06 mol kg^−1	L-alanine	1.02[39]	0.97[39]	0.88[39]		0.82[39]		0.76[39]
		L-valine	1.00[39]	0.98[39]	0.99[39]		1.00[39]		0.97[39]

Table 3. Literature reported data of limiting apparent exapansivity, E ⁰_ϕ, for different amino acids in various drugs at different temperatures.

			E^0ϕ × 10^6/(m^3 mol^−1 K^−1)
Drugs	Concentration of drugs (mol kg^−1 / w/w %)	Amino acids	293.15 K	298.15 K	303.15 K	305.15 K	308.15 K	310.15 K	313.15 K	315.15 K	318.15 K
Metformin-hydrochloride	0.09 mol kg^−1	Serine				0.0322[20]		0.0532[20]		0.0743[20]
		Threonine				0.0572[20]		0.0547[20]		0.0522[20]
	0.10 mol kg^−1	L-proline
	0.07 mol kg^−1	L-glutamine	0.053[21]	0.119[21]	0.183[21]		0.249[21]		0.314[21]
		L-histidine	0.312[21]	0.320[21]	0.328[21]		0.336[21]		0.344[21]
Streptomycin sulphate	1%	Glycine	0.0313[2]	0.0306[2]	0.0299[2]		0.0291[2]		0.0284[2]		0.0277[2]
		L-alanine	0.0432[2]	0.0410[2]	0.0387[2]		0.0364[2]		0.0341[2]		0.0318[2]
		L-valine	0.0332[2]	0.0331[2]	0.0330[2]		0.0329[2]		0.0329[2]		0.0328[2]
		L-isoleucine	0.0347[2]	0.0292[2]	0.0302[2]		0.0312[2]		0.0322[2]		0.0332[2]
		L-histidine	0.0377[23]	0.0379[23]	0.0381[23]		0.0383[23]		0.0385[23]		0.0387[23]
		L-arginine	0.0264[23]	0.0233[23]	0.0201[23]		0.0170[23]		0.0139[23]		0.0108[23]
	0.02 mol kg^−1	L-serine				0.133[24]		0.143[24]		0.153[24]
		L-threonine				0.096[24]		0.100[24]		0.104[24]
		L-leucine				0.084[24]		0.064[24]		0.044[24]
Sodium Ibuprofen	0.05 mol kg^−1	Glycine	0.06833[25]	0.06363[25]	0.05893[25]		0.05423[25]
		L-alanine	0.06553[25]	0.05963[25]	0.05373[25]		0.04783[25]
		L-valine	0.07272[25]	0.07593[25]	0.07912[25]		0.08232[25]
Ampicillin	0.004 mol kg^−1	L-alanine						0.372[26]
		L-valine						3.68[26]
		L-leucine						7.70[26]
	0.095 mol kg^−1	L-histidine	0.0932[27]	0.0966[27]	0.1000[27]		0.1034[27]		0.1068[27]
Amoxicillin	0.04	Glycine				0.1056[30]		0.1045[30]		0.1033[30]
		L-Alanine				0.0831[30]		0.0780[30]		0.0729[30]
		L-Valine				0.0464[30]		0.0468[30]		0.0472[30]
		L-Leucine				0.0927[30]		0.1091[30]		0.1254[30]
Hydroxypropyl-β-Cyclodextrin	0.01 mol kg^−1	Glycine	0.107[33]	0.108[33]	0.109[33]		0.110[33]
		L-alanine	0.113[33]	0.114[33]	0.115[33]		0.116[33]
		L-valine	0.119[33]	0.120[33]	0.121[33]		0.122[33]
		L-phenyalnanine	0.113[33]	0.116[33]	0.119[33]		0.122[33]
ketorolac
tromethamine	0.07 mol kg^−1	L-histidine	0.1694[34]	0.1697[34]	0.1700[34]		0.1703[34]		0.1706[34]
Gentamicin sulphate	1%	L-Arginine	0.028[38]	0.025[38]	0.021[38]		0.018[38]		0.015[38]		0.011[38]
		L-histidine	0.047[38]	0.043[38]	0.039[38]		0.036[38]		0.032[38]		0.028[38]

Table 4. Literature reported data of Hepler’s constant, (∂E⁰_ϕ /∂T)_P, for different amino acids in various drugs.

Drugs	Concentration of drugs (mol kg^−1 / w/w %)	Amino acids	(∂E^0ϕ /∂T)P × 10^6/(m^3 mol^−1 K^−2)
Metformin-HCl	0.09 mol kg^−1	L-serine	0.00421[20]
		L-threonine	0.00050[20]
	0.07 mol kg^−1	L-glutamine	0.013[21]
		L-histidine	0.002[21]
	0.10 mol kg^−1	L-proline	0.00340[22]
Streptomycin sulphate	0.02 mol kg^−1	L-serine	0.0020[24]
		L-threonine	0.0008[24]
		L-leucine	−0.004[24]
Sodium Ibuprofen	0.05 mol kg^−1	Glycine	−0.00094[25]
		L-alanine	−0.00120[25]
		L-valine	0.00064[25]
Ampicillin	0.004 mol kg^−1	L-alanine	0.004[26]
		L-valine	0.292[26]
		L-leucine	−0.564[26]
	0.095 mol kg^−1	L-histidine	0.9800[27]
Domiphen bromide	0.08 mol kg^−1	Glycine	0.0108[29]
		L-alanine	0.0078[29]
		L-valine	0.0120[29]
		L-leucine	0.0112[29]
		Glycylglycine	0.0200[29]
		Glycyl L-valine	0.0172[29]
		Glycyl L-leucine	0.0186[29]
Amoxicillin	0.04 mol kg^−1	Glycine	0.1056[30]
		L-alanine	0.0831[30]
		L-valine	0.0464[30]
		L-leucine	0.0927[30]
Pentoxifylline	0.09736 mol kg^−1	Glycine	−0.0044[32]
	0.09842 mol kg^−1	L-alanine	−0.0016[32]
	0.09760 mol kg^−1	L-valine	−0.0014[32]
	0.10119 mol kg^−1	Glycylglycine	−0.0032[32]
	0.09851 mol kg^−1	Glycylglycylglycine	0.0080[32]
Hydroxypropyl-β-Cyclodextrin	0.01 mol kg^−1	Glycine	0.0002[33]
		L-alanine	0.0002[33]
		L-valine	0.0002[33]
		L-phenyalnanine	0.0006[33]
Ketorolac tromethamine	0.07 mol kg^−1	L-histidine	0.0571[34]
Levofloxacin	0.01 mol kg^−1	Glycine	−0.0003[37]
		L-alanine	0.0009[37]
		L-valine	0.0004[37]
Dolonex	0.06 mol kg^−1	L-alanine	−0.003[39]
		L-valine	−0.006[39]

Table 5. Literature reported data of Hydration number, n_H for different amino acids in various drugs at different temperatures.

			nH
Drugs	Concentration of drugs(mol kg^−1 / w/w %)	Amino acids	293.15 K	298.15 K	303.15 K	308.15 K	313.15 K	318.15 K
Streptomycin sulphate	1%	Glycine		2.397[2]
		L-alanine		3.291[2]
		L-valine		3.289[2]
		L-isoleucine		4.324[2]
Metformin-HCl	0.10 mol kg^−1	L-proline		5.11[22]	5.37[22]	5.48[22]	5.58[22]	5.69[22]
Sodium Ibuprofen	0.05 mol kg^−1	Glycine		2.812[25]		2.170[25]
		L-alanine		3.702[25]		2.932[25]
		L-valine		3.520[25]		2.714[25]
Ampicillin	0.095 mol kg^−1	L-histidine		5.48[27]	4.76[27]	4.28[27]
Domiphen bromide	0.08 mol kg^−1	Glycine	9.01[29]	8.30[29]	7.17[29]	6.3[29]
		L-Alanine	2.85[29]	2.54[29]	2.08[29]	1.71[29]
		L-Valine	4.44[29]	4.02[29]	3.36[29]	2.83[29]
		L-Leucine	1.27[29]	0.98[29]	0.60[29]	0.24[29]
		Glycylglycine	5.93[29]	5.44[29]	4.65[29]	3.94[29]
		Glycyl-L-valine	9.97[29]	9.14[29]	7.96[29]	6.96[29]
		Glycyl-L-leucine	11.51[29]	10.63[29]	9.21[29]	8.14[29]
Hydroxypropyl-β-Cyclodextrin	0.01 mol kg^−1	Glycine		3.16[33]
		L-alanine		3.96[33]
		L-valine		4.06[33]
		L-phenyalnanine		5.96[33]
Ketorolac tromethamine	0.07 mol kg^−1	L-histidine		6.22[34]	5.31[34]	4.74[34]
Semicarbazide hydrochloride	1%	Glycine		2.3712[35]
		L-Alanine		3.2645[35]
		L-Valine		3.2461[35]
		L-Isoleucine		4.2684[35]
Levofloxacin	0.01 mol kg^−1	Glycine		3.04[37]		2.30[37]
		L-alanine		3.79[37]		2.96[37]
		L-valine		3.85[37]		2.98[37]

Table 6. Literature reported data of Viscosity B-cofficient, B, for different amino acids in various drugs at different temperatures.

			B × 10^3/(m^3 mol^−1)
Drugs	Concentration of drugs(mol kg^−1 / w/w %)	Amino acids	293.15 K	298.15 K	303.15 K	305.15 K	308.15 K	310.15 K	313.15 K	315.15 K	318.15 K
Metformin hydrochloride	0.07 mol kg^−1	L-glutamine	0.132[21]	0.126[21]	0.120[21]		0.114[21]		0.106[21]
	0.07 mol kg^−1	L-histidine	0.152[21]	0.146[21]	0.140[21]		0.136[21]		0.130[21]
Streptomycin sulphate	1%	Glycine		0.1997[2]	0.2273[2]		0.2534[2]		0.2806[2]		0.3050[2]
		L-alanine		0.2996[2]	0.3240[2]		0.3483[2]		0.3737[2]		0.3983[2]
		L-valine		0.5017[2]	0.5271[2]		0.5549[2]		0.5777[2]		0.6007[2]
		L-isoleucine		−0.2994[2]	−0.2772[2]		−0.2582[2]		−0.2396[2]		−0.2182[2]
	1%	L-histidine		0.6001[23]	0.5578[23]		0.5084[23]		0.4619[23]		0.4184[23]
		L-arginine		0.6121[23]	0.5661[23]		0.5199[23]		0.4712[23]		0.4289[23]
	0.02 mol kg^−1	L-serine				0.2948[24]		0.2862[24]		0.2769[24]
		L-threonine				0.3777[24]		0.3615[24]		0.3418[24]
		L-leucine				0.4946[24]		0.4507[24]		0.4095[24]
Ampicillin	0.095 mol kg^−1	L-histidine	0.2200[27]	0.1995[27]	0.1926[27]		0.1889[27]		0.1821[27]
Hydroxypropyl-β-Cyclodextrin		Glycine	0.156[33]	0.171[33]	0.189[33]		0.216[33]
	0.01 mol kg^−1	L-alanine	0.345[33]	0.380[33]	0.414[33]		0.443[33]
		L-valine	0.427[33]	0.445[33]	0.461[33]		0.486[33]
		L-phenyalnanine	0.515[33]	0.537[33]	0.554[33]		0.576[33]
Ketorolac tromethamine	0.07 mol kg^−1	L-histidine	0.1616[34]	0.1467[34]	0.1401[34]		0.1345[34]		0.1298[34]
Semicarbazide hydrochloride	1%	Glycine	0.1478[35]	0.1584[35]	0.1689[35]		0.1781[35]		0.1875[35]		0.1973[35]
		L-Alanine	0.2520[35]	0.2643[35]	0.2770[35]		0.2893[35]		0.3008[35]		0.3123[35]
		L-Valine	0.4664[35]	0.4832[35]	0.4993[35]		0.5156[35]		0.5319[35]		0.5478[35]
		L-Isoleucine	0.5719[35]	0.5910[35]	0.6097[35]		0.6285[35]		0.6462[35]		0.6627[35]
		L-Arginine	0.4631[36]	0.4342[36]	0.4022[36]		0.3688[36]		0.3332[36]		0.2961[36]
		L-histidine	0.5233[36]	0.4721[36]	0.4168[36]		0.3583[36]		0.2983[36]		0.2352[36]

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