Phialophora section Catenulatae disassembled: New genera, species, and combinations and a new family encompassing taxa with cleistothecial ascomata and phialidic asexual states

Figures & data

Table 1. Isolates examined in this study.

Taxon	Source^a	Substrate	Locality
Coleophoma cylindrospora	BP-6252	Decaying leaves	Tsushima Islands, Japan
Cryonesomyces dreyfussii^b	ATCC 201333^T*	Moss	King George Island, Antarctica
Entimomentora hyalina^b	CBS 130.74^T*	Wheat field soil	Kiel-Kitzeberg, Germany
	CBS 177.74*	Wheat field soil	Germany
Glarea lozoyensis	ATCC 20868^T	Pond water	Madrid, Spain
Neobulgaria koningiana^c	MUCL 9775^T*	Wood of Fagus sylvatica	Amersfoort, The Netherlands
Pezicula radicicola	NRRL 12192	Rhizome of Cardamine heptaphylla	Near Soyhières, Switzerland
Pleuroascus nicholsonii	CBS 345.73^NT*	Rat dung	California, USA
Pleuroascus rectipilus	CBS 120411^T*	Soil	La Laguna, Spain
Pleauroascus rilstonii	CBS 537.74*	Dead wood of Populus sp.	Ontario, Canada
Psychrophila antarctica^b	ATCC 42793*	Preservative treated wood	Sweden
Psychrophila lagodekhiensis^c	CBS 122314^T*	Soil, rhizosphere of Hedera helix	Lagodekhi, Georgia
Venustampulla echinocandica^b	BP-5553^T*	Soil	Kamiina District, Japan
Venustampulla parva	CBS 245.31^T*	Skin Infection of a man	Unknown
	CBS 259.65*	Wheat field soil	Kiel-Kitzenberg, Germany
	UAMH 918*	Soil under tree	Alberta, Canada

^aATCC = American Type Culture Collection, Manassas, USA; CBS = Westerdijk Fungal Biodiversity Institute, Utrecht, the Netherlands; MUCL = Mycothèque de l’Université catholique de Louvain, Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium; BP = NITE Biological Resource Center, Chiba, Japan; NRRL = Agricultural Research Service Culture Collection, Peoria, USA; UAMH = UAMH Centre for Global Microfungal Biodiversity, Toronto, Canada.

^bDeposited or identified as Phialophora hyalina or Ph. cf. hyalina.

^cDeposited or identified as Phialophora alba.

^T = ex-type strain; ^NT = ex-neotype strain; *evaluated for activity against Candida albicans.

Figure 1. Phylogeny of members of the Leotiomycetes inferred from ML analysis of the concatenated nuc 18S + nuc 28S + mt 18S + RPB2 (four-gene) data set. An asterisk (*) indicates branches with ML BS = 100% and PP values = 1.0. Branch support in nodes ≥70% ML BS and ≥0.90 PP is indicated above or below branches. “T” after an accession number indicates that the strain is an ex-type culture; “#” after an accession number indicates that the strain has demonstrated antifungal activity. Names in bold are taxonomic novelties. Shading is used to differentiate lineages and highlight taxa of interest.

Figure 1. (Continued).

Figure 2. Phylogeny of the Pleuroascaceae inferred from ML analysis of the concatenated ITS + nuc 18S + nuc 28S + mt 18S + RPB2 (five-gene) data set. Details as in FIG. 1.

Figure 3. Position of Neobulgaria koningiana (MUCL 9775) within Neobulgaria based on ML analysis of ITS sequences. Details as in FIG. 1.

Figure 4. Phylogeny of Psychrophila inferred from ML analysis of ITS sequences. Details as in FIG. 1.

Figure 5. Position of Cryonesomyces dreyfussii (ATCC 201333) within the Vandijckellaceae/Clade 9 inferred from ML analysis of the concatenated ITS + nuc 18S + nuc 28S + RPB2 data set. Details as in FIG. 1.

Figure 6. Colonies of species of Entimomentora and Pleuroascus on CBSOA, MLA, OA, and PCA after 28 d. A. E. hyalina (ex-type CBS 130.74). B. Pl. nicholsonii (ex-type CBS 345.73). C. Pl. rectipilus (ex-type CBS 120411). D. Pl. rilstonii (CBS 537.74).

Figure 7. Entimomentora hyalina. A–G. Phialides with conidia (MLA slide culture, 13–17 d). H. Conidia (MLA, 10 d). A–D, H from CBS 177.74; E–G from CBS 130.74. Bars = 10 μm.

Figure 8. Colonies of species of Venustampulla on CBSOA, MLA, OA, and PCA after 28 d. A. V. echinocandica (ex-type BP-5553). B. V. parva (CBS 245.31). C. V. parva (CBS 259.65). D. V. parva (ex-type of Scopulariopsis parvula UAMH 918).

Figure 9. Venustampulla echinocandica (ex-type BP-5553). A–E. Phialides with conidia in chains; arrow indicates a percurrently proliferating phialide (MLA slide cultures, 11 d). F. Conidia (PCA, 12 d). Bars = 10 μm.

Figure 10. Venustampulla parva. A–F. Phialides with conidia (MLA slide cultures, 10–11 d). G. Conidia (MLA, 15 d). A–D, F from CBS 259.65; E, G from ex-type of Paecilomyces parvus CBS 245.31. Bars = 10 μm.

Figure 11. Venustampulla parva (ex-type of Scopulariopsis parvula UAMH 918). A–F. Phialides with conidia (MLA slide cultures, 10–15 d). G. Conidia (MLA, 15 d). Bars = 10 μm.

Figure 12. Colonies of Neobulgaria and Cryonesomyces on CBSOA, MLA, OA, and PCA. A. Neobulgaria koningiana (ex-type MUCL 9775) after 14 d. B. Cryonesomyces dreyfussii (ex-type ATCC 201333) after 28 d.

Figure 13. Cryonesomyces dreyfussii (ex-type ATCC 20133). A–F. Phialides with conidia (MLA slide culture, 13 d). G, H. Conidia (MLA slide culture, 13 d). Bars = 10 μm.

Figure 14. Neobulgaria koningiana (ex-type MUCL 9775). A–G. Phialides with conidia (MLA slide cultures, 10 d). H–J. Conidia (MLA, 10 d). Bars = 10 μm.

Figure 15. Colonies of Psychrophila on CBSOA, MLA, OA, and PCA after 28 d. A. Ps. lagodekhiensis (ex-type CBS 122314). B. Ps. antarctica (ATCC 42793).

Figure 16. Colonies of Psychrophila on PDA after 28 d at 4, 10, and 20 C. A. Ps. lagodekhiensis (ex-type CBS 122314). B. Ps. antarctica (ATCC 42793).

Figure 17. Psychrophila antarctica (ATCC 42793). A–K. Phialides with conidia (MLA slide culture, 13 d). Bars = 10 μm.

Figure 18. Psychrophila lagodekhiensis (ex-type CBS 122314). A–K. Phialides with conidia (MLA slide culture, 13 d). L. Conidia (MLA slide culture, 13 d). Bars = 10 μm.