Population structure and genetic diversity of Fusarium graminearum from southwestern Russia and the Russian Far East as compared with northern Europe and North America

Figures & data

Figure 1. Map showing the four major geographic sampling locations in Eurasia and their trichothecene genotype frequencies: Norway (highlighted yellow), Finland and northwestern Russia (highlighted pink), southwestern Russia (highlighted blue), and Siberia and the Russian Far East (highlighted green).

Table 1. Genetic differentiation, trichothecene genotype composition, and genetic diversity for four groups of Eurasian isolates defined by sampling location: Finland and northwestern Russia (F+NW), southwestern and western Russia (SW), the Russian Far East (FE), and Norway (NOR).

	Differentiation indices^a				Diversity indices		Trichothecene genotype		Population assignment
Location	F+NW	SW	FE	NOR	Ne^b	H^c	15ADON	3ADON	E1	E2
F+NW	—	0.88	1.00	15.56	1.6	0.24	0	40	40	0
SW	0.36	—	8.17	1.08	3.4	0.59	51	3	0	54
FE	0.33	0.06	—	1.12	3.5	0.66	50	46	7	89
NOR	0.03^d	0.32	0.31	—	2.1	0.35	4	102	100	6

^a Pairwise estimates of population differentiation (φ_PT, below diagonal) and number of migrants (Nm, above diagonal).

^b Number of effective alleles over loci.

^c Average gene diversity over loci.

^d Not significant at P < .05.

Figure 2. Bayesian analyses of population structure and admixture based on VNTR data for a total of 296 isolates from Finland and northwestern Russia (F+NW), western and southwestern Russia (SW), Siberia and the Russian Far East (FE), and Norway (NOR). Colored bars indicate Bayesian estimates of ancestry (q) for each isolate in simulations with 2 to 5 genetic clusters (K).

Table 2. Genetic differentiation, trichothecene genotype composition, and genetic diversity for four genetic populations from Eurasia (E1 and E2) and North America (NA1 and NA2).

	Differentiation indices^a				Diversity indices		Trichothecene genotype
Population	E1	E2	NA1	NA2	Ne^b	H^c	15ADON	3ADON
E1	—	0.93	0.80	0.45	1.9	0.30	2	145
E2	0.35	—	1.91	3.93	3.9	0.65	103	46
NA1	0.39	0.21	—	0.86	3.6	0.63	142	4
NA2	0.53	0.11	0.37	—	1.9	0.38	8	84

^a Pairwise estimates of population differentiation (φ_PT, below diagonal) and number of migrants (Nm, above diagonal).

^b Number of effective alleles over loci.

^c Average gene diversity over loci.

Figure 3. Bayesian analyses of population structure and admixture based on VNTR data for a total of 534 isolates from four previously defined genetic populations (E1, E2, NA1, and NA2) from Finland and northwestern Russia (F+NW), western and southwestern Russia (SW), Siberia and the Russian Far East (FE), Norway (NOR), and the USA and Canada. Bayesian estimates of ancestry (q) were determined in simulations with 1 to 5 genetic clusters (K). Colored bars reflect individual q value assignments for each isolate derived from a model with three genetic clusters (K = 3), which was identified as the optimal model in that it produced the greatest rate of change in likelihood values between successive values of K.

Figure 4. Graph showing shared multilocus genotypes inferred from a clone corrected data set consisting of one individual per MLG represented per population based on VNTR profile, sampling year, chemotype, host, genetic population (E1, E2, NA1, NA2), and location. Seventeen shared MLGs were identified on this basis.