Factors affecting composition of fatty acids in wild-growing forest mushrooms

Figures & data

Figure 1. Results of detrended correspondence analysis (DCA) visualizing differences in the concentration of 34 fatty acids in sporocarps of 10 mushrooms species from particular sites and plots. Points represent samples of mushroom species from a particular plot and site. Different symbols represent particular mushroom species collected at different sites: Am = Armillaria mellea; Lv = Lactarius vellereus; Lp = Lycoperdon perlatum; Mp = Macrolepiota procera; Rb = Rhodocollybia butyracea; Rn = Russula nigrescens; Rc = Russula cyanoxantha; Xch = Xerocomellus chrysenteron; Ll = Laccaria laccata; Lpr = Laccaria proxima). Sites: B = Białowieża (Poland); Z = Zedelgem (Belgium); K = Kaltenborn (Germany). Black arrows show the passive projection of soil and tree stand characteristics correlated with DCA result: canopy_cov = canopy cover; C_N = carbon to nitrogen ratio; DeciProp = deciduous trees proportion; tree_rich = tree species richness; Nconc = Nitrogen concentration; understory_cov = understory cover.

Table 1. Environmental factors explaining differences in the composition of 34 fatty acids in sporocarps of 10 mushroom species collected in Białowieża Primeval Forest (eastern Poland), Kaltenborn (central Germany), and Zedelgem (northeastern Belgium).

Parameter		Acronym	DCA1	DCA2	R^2	P-value
Tree species richness		tree_rich	−0.76	−0.65	0.04	0.17
Deciduous trees proportion		DeciProp	−0.09	−1.00	0.02	0.36
Nitrogen concentration		Nconc	−0.33	−0.95	0.04	0.18
Carbon to nitrogen ratio		C_N	−0.79	−0.62	0.04	0.12
Understory cover		understory_cov	0.85	0.52	0.14	0.001
Canopy cover [%]		canopy_cover	−0.89	−0.46	0.07	0.04
Fungal species	Laccaria laccata from Zedelgem	Ll_Z	2.43	−0.29	0.85	0.001
	Lycoperdon perlatum from Białowieża	Lp_B	−0.18	−0.15
	Laccaria proxima from Zedelgem	Lpr_Z	−0.53	0.04
	Lactarius vellereus from Białowieża	Lv_B	−0.17	−0.41
	Macrolepiota procera from Białowieża	Mp_B	−0.03	0.31
	Rhodocollybia butyracea from Białowieża	Rb_B	0.54	−0.46
	Rhodocollybia butyracea from Białowieża	Rb_K	−0.25	0.18
	Russula cyanoxantha from Białowieża	Rc_B	0.53	−0.36
	Russula nigrescens from Białowieża	Rn_B	−1.10	0.06
	Xerocomellus chrysenteron from Białowieża	Xch_B	−0.85	0.14

Note. The vegan::envfit() function (Oksanen et al. 2020) was applied to the results of detrended correspondence analysis (DCA), with a passive fit of the examined environmental factors (see FIG. 1). Statistically significant results are in bold.

Table 2. Linear models explaining concentration of fatty acids (ALL FA, SFA, PUFA, MUFA; µg/100 g dry mass) in sporocarps of 10 mushroom species collected in Białowieża Primeval Forest (eastern Poland), Kaltenborn (central Germany), and Zedelgem (northeastern Belgium).

Response variable	Predictor	F	P-value	Ind. effects	R^2	AICc0	AICc
ALL FA	Mushroom species on site	5.71	<0.001	0.411	0.456	1880.5	1850
	N conc	1.95	0.17	0.014
	Understory cover	3.80	0.05	0.031
SFA	Mushroom species on site	5.09	<0.001	0.402	0.534	1575.5	1530.4
	Understory cover	6.31	0.014	0.118
	Tree richness	1.61	0.21	0.007
	Deciduous trees proportion	2.00	0.16	0.007
MUFA	Mushroom species on site	17.15	<0.001	0.826	0.840	223.8	40
	Deciduous trees proportion	0.58	0.14	0.006
	Understory cover	3.26	0.28	0.008
PUFA	Mushroom species on site	5.35	<0.001	0.407	0.472	1773.7	1739.7
	N conc	3.16	0.08	0.032
	Understory cover	1.54	0.22	0.033
UFA	Mushroom species on site	7.13	<0.001	0.464	0.496	1860.7	1822.4
	N conc	2.98	0.09	0.015
	Understory cover	2.07	0.15	0.017

Note. Analyzed factors: Mushroom species on site (mushroom species collected on the particular site), N conc (nitrogen concentration in the soil), Understory cover, Canopy cover, Tree richness, Deciduous trees proportion. The models were evaluated by ANOVA. Ind. effect = individual contribution of each predictor toward marginal; AICc₀ = AIC of null (intercept-only) model; AICc = AIC of final model. Statistically significant results are in bold.

Figure 2. Partial regression plots visualizing mean (+ SE) differences in the concentration of five groups of fatty acids (ALL FA = all fatty acids; SFA = saturated fatty acids; PUFA = polyunsaturated fatty acids; MUFA = monounsaturated fatty acids; UFA = unsaturated fatty acids [PUFA = MUFA]; µg/100 g dry mass) between 10 mushroom species collected at different sites: Am = Armillaria mellea; Lv = Lactarius vellereus; Lp = Lycoperdon perlatum; Mp = Macrolepiota procera; Rb = Rhodocollybia butyracea; Rn = Russula nigrescens; Rc = Russula cyanoxantha; Xch = Xerocomellus chrysenteron; Ll = Laccaria laccata; Lpr = Laccaria proxima). Sites: B = Białowieża (Poland); Z = Zedelgem (Belgium); K = Kaltenborn (Germany). Groups marked by the same letter do not differ significantly at P = 0.05, according to pairwise comparisons of least-squares means (lsmeans::cld). For the remaining partial regression plots visualizing influence of soil and tree stand characteristics on the concentration of groups of FA in sporocarps, see FIGS. 3–5 and SUPPLEMENTARY FIGS. 1 and 2.

Figure 3. Partial regression plots visualizing influence of soil and tree stand characteristics on the concentration of all fatty acids (ALL FA; µg/100 g dry mass) in sporocarps of Armillaria mellea, Lactarius vellereus, Lycoperdon perlatum, Macrolepiota procera, Rhodocollybia butyracea, Russula nigrescens, Russula cyanoxantha, Xerocomellus chrysenteron, Laccaria laccata, and Laccaria proxima collected in Białowieża (Poland), Zedelgem (Belgium), and Kaltenborn (Germany). For partial regression plots showing mean (+ SE) differences in the content of fatty acids among fungi species, see FIG. 2.

Figure 4. Partial regression plots visualizing influence of soil and tree stand characteristics on the concentration of saturated fatty acids (SFA; µg/100 g dry mass) in sporocarps of Armillaria mellea, Lactarius vellereus, Lycoperdon perlatum, Macrolepiota procera, Rhodocollybia butyracea, Russula nigrescens, Russula cyanoxantha, Xerocomellus chrysenteron, Laccaria laccata, and Laccaria proxima collected in Białowieża (Poland), Zedelgem (Belgium), and Kaltenborn (Germany). For partial regression plots showing mean (+ SE) differences in the content of fatty acids among fungi species, see FIG. 2.

Figure 5. Partial regression plots visualizing influence of soil and tree stand characteristics on the concentration of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA; µg/100 g dry mass) in sporocarps of Armillaria mellea, Lactarius vellereus, Lycoperdon perlatum, Macrolepiota procera, Rhodocollybia butyracea, Russula nigrescens, Russula cyanoxantha, Xerocomellus chrysenteron, Laccaria laccata, and Laccaria proxima collected in Białowieża (Poland), Zedelgem (Belgium), and Kaltenborn (Germany). For partial regression plots showing mean (+ SE) differences in the content of fatty acids among fungi species, see FIG. 2.

Oksanen J, Blanchet FG, Friendly M, Kindt R, Legendre P, McGlinn D, Minchin P, O’Hara R, Simpson G, Solymos, et al. 2020. Vegan community ecology package version 2.5-7 November 2020.

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