Comparison of phenotypic trait variation and total protein polymorphism in local and exotic germplasms of Medicago sativa in Iran

Figures & data

Figure 1.  Geographical distribution of the 21 collection sites in Iran.

Table 1 . Descriptive statistics for the phenotypic traits in the 27 local and exotic populations of M. sativa.

Variable	Overall mean	Minimum	Maximum	Standard error	Standard deviation	Local populations mean	Exotic populations mean
Dry matter yield	1522.6	695.0	2015.0	55.9	290.5	1484.4	1656.5
Day to flowering	67.85	55.60	73.30	0.62	3.24	67.87	67.77
Regrowth rate	33.63	13.40	50.90	1.60	8.32	33.89	32.73
Crown diameter	32.65	23.50	41.30	1.02	5.32	33.12	31.00
Tiller number	27.08	12.80	40.70	1.38	7.18	27.05	27.18
Plant height	49.62	38.10	61.40	0.94	4.89	49.41	50.33
Leaf/stem ratio	1.05	0.76	1.32	0.03	0.13	1.06	1.02
Speed of germination	12.03	5.20	17.60	0.41	2.12	12.01	12.08
Germination percentage	89.83	46.70	98.70	1.92	9.98	89.15	92.20
Seedling length	52.71	25.30	76.20	2.33	12.09	52.67	52.83
Vigour index	48.07	11.80	73.20	2.60	13.50	47.85	48.85
Seedling root/shoot length ratio	1.62	0.71	2.17	0.06	0.33	1.62	1.62
Seedling dry/fresh weigh ratio	0.08	0.05	0.11	0.00	0.02	0.08	0.09

Table 2 . Pearson correlation analysis for the relationships between phenotypic and genetic parameters of the 27 local and exotic populations of M. sativa.

Variable	Dry matter yield	Day to flowering	Regrowth rate	Crown diameter	Tiller number	Plant height	Leaf/stem weight ratio	Speed of germination	Germination percentage	Seedling length	Seed vigour index	Seedling root/shoot length ratio	Seedling dry/fresh weight ratio
Day to flowering	0.602**
Regrowth rate	0.470*	0.195
Crown diameter	0.375	0.192	0.402*
Tiller number	0.538**	0.294	0.173	0.621**
Plant height	0.797**	0.327	0.582**	0.293	0.468**
Leaf/stem weight ratio	−0.244	−0.265	−0.185	0.019	−0.245	−0.306
Speed of germination	0.282	0.322	−0.049	−0.129	0.244	0.279	−0.401*
Germination percentage	0.342	0.521**	−0.045	−0.145	0.159	0.215	−0.384*	0.842**
Seedling length	0.252	0.133	0.145	0.060	0.234	0.270	−0.273	0.672**	0.559**
Seed vigour index	0.253	0.183	0.086	−0.001	0.227	0.262	−0.323	0.776**	0.701**	0.979**
Seedling root/shoot length ratio	0.184	0.305	−0.237	−0.066	0.354	0.185	−0.364	0.667**	0.666**	0.689**	0.739**
Seedling dry/fresh weight ratio	−0.159	−0.163	−0.032	0.129	−0.148	−0.166	0.283	−0.560**	−0.439*	−0.765**	−.0751**	−0.506**
He	0.181	−0.058	0.329	0.073	0.117	0.489**	0.011	0.065	0.081	0.123	0.143	0.055	−0.052
*, ** significant at 0.05 and 0.01 levels, respectively.

Figure 2.  Phenogram of the 27 local and exotic populations of M. sativa based on phenotypic traits.

Table 3 . Pair-wise values for squared Euclidean distances (below diagonal) and Nei's genetic distances (above diagonal) of the 27 local and exotic populations of M. sativa.

Population	Urumie1	Urumie2	Urumie3	Tabriz1	Tabriz2	Maraghe	Ahar	Ardebil1	Ardebil2	Kordestan	Hamedan	Karaj1	Karaj2	Arak1	Arak2	Khoramabad	M.Soleyman	Shiraz	Bam	Nikshahr	Ghochan	Kazakhstan	Turkey	FAO	France	US	Australia
Urumie1^1		0.012	0.030	0.088	0.037	0.074	0.096	0.044	0.048	0.041	0.068	0.110	0.051	0.041	0.033	0.153	0.037	0.023	0.084	0.047	0.038	0.032	0.048	0.036	0.034	0.022	0.044
Urumie2^1	8.74		0.025	0.076	0.024	0.074	0.098	0.056	0.044	0.035	0.063	0.090	0.046	0.030	0.029	0.156	0.025	0.015	0.080	0.031	0.032	0.024	0.032	0.054	0.027	0.016	0.046
Urumie3^1	2.04	6.86		0.060	0.044	0.061	0.096	0.030	0.033	0.067	0.078	0.083	0.047	0.028	0.051	0.124	0.038	0.021	0.084	0.027	0.023	0.047	0.042	0.039	0.029	0.025	0.019
Tabriz1^1	3.23	5.65	1.26		0.109	0.030	0.060	0.115	0.078	0.053	0.050	0.197	0.081	0.051	0.097	0.202	0.115	0.066	0.035	0.055	0.032	0.096	0.052	0.050	0.078	0.059	0.047
Tabriz2^1	3.65	5.18	1.83	7.54		0.104	0.127	0.067	0.028	0.070	0.087	0.101	0.071	0.051	0.050	0.173	0.028	0.028	0.115	0.056	0.056	0.047	0.027	0.067	0.046	0.019	0.050
Maraghe^1	3.75	5.16	1.79	6.03	3.70		0.052	0.115	0.083	0.055	0.037	0.172	0.070	0.046	0.075	0.166	0.097	0.051	0.031	0.056	0.025	0.084	0.059	0.047	0.055	0.060	0.063
Ahar^1	8.75	1.74	1.06	1.18	1.23	1.23		0.137	0.106	0.073	0.094	0.218	0.106	0.042	0.103	0.241	0.132	0.076	0.077	0.100	0.057	0.117	0.078	0.079	0.111	0.089	0.095
Ardebil1^1	2.39	6.60	7.10	1.03	1.55	1.49	1.09		0.058	0.114	0.135	0.117	0.087	0.056	0.084	0.116	0.067	0.054	0.138	0.081	0.067	0.083	0.071	0.080	0.071	0.058	0.046
Ardebil2^1	1.99	7.02	5.83	1.43	1.98	1.94	1.05	6.13		0.071	0.087	0.093	0.063	0.048	0.064	0.177	0.039	0.031	0.099	0.057	0.040	0.065	0.031	0.044	0.047	0.032	0.040
Kordestan^1	5.90	2.91	4.01	2.82	2.40	2.37	1.46	3.73	4.15		0.037	0.156	0.066	0.054	0.056	0.208	0.071	0.046	0.043	0.053	0.048	0.056	0.042	0.052	0.056	0.040	0.070
Hamedan^1	2.84	1.15	4.72	5.93	6.41	6.42	5.95	5.00	4.59	8.66		0.194	0.087	0.070	0.085	0.181	0.104	0.062	0.035	0.063	0.049	0.087	0.063	0.055	0.069	0.053	0.066
Karaj1^1	1.45	5.81	1.26	1.14	1.09	1.09	2.32	1.23	1.28	8.70	1.73		0.146	0.111	0.113	0.166	0.050	0.091	0.201	0.106	0.128	0.115	0.114	0.174	0.080	0.114	0.146
Karaj2^1	5.17	1.37	6.93	8.16	8.67	8.66	3.81	7.24	6.80	1.09	2.44	1.96		0.056	0.036	0.197	0.062	0.044	0.102	0.032	0.032	0.038	0.062	0.062	0.037	0.051	0.067
Arak1^1	4.67	1.32	6.43	7.64	8.14	8.14	4.30	6.70	6.27	1.04	1.93	1.90	6.80		0.052	0.140	0.052	0.018	0.076	0.043	0.020	0.058	0.034	0.057	0.049	0.031	0.041
Arak2^1	5.46	8.92	2.33	3.47	3.86	3.90	8.61	2.61	2.27	6.08	2.70	1.46	5.11	4.59		0.172	0.025	0.033	0.095	0.029	0.048	0.005	0.056	0.065	0.029	0.035	0.078
Khoramabad^1	2.87	5.96	1.34	9.82	1.05	1.09	1.15	1.06	1.48	3.12	5.63	1.17	7.96	7.43	3.01		0.141	0.140	0.206	0.162	0.164	0.189	0.156	0.211	0.135	0.148	0.147
M.Soleyman^1	2.35	1.09	4.13	5.34	5.84	5.84	6.52	4.41	3.98	8.08	7.30	1.67	2.88	2.36	2.27	5.09		0.028	0.116	0.042	0.059	0.024	0.041	0.083	0.027	0.033	0.073
Shiraz^1	4.55	4.25	2.78	1.73	1.31	1.33	1.32	2.53	2.94	1.41	7.33	1.00	9.63	9.11	4.71	1.80	6.78		0.077	0.037	0.019	0.038	0.026	0.045	0.021	0.020	0.041
Bam^1	5.13	1.37	6.87	8.08	8.60	8.59	3.90	7.16	6.72	1.08	2.40	1.95	3.29	5.56	5.06	7.90	2.82	9.57		0.073	0.056	0.098	0.068	0.062	0.075	0.071	0.080
Nikshahr^1	2.03	1.16	1.85	1.72	1.68	1.67	2.91	1.82	1.86	1.45	2.31	6.03	2.54	2.48	2.05	1.75	2.25	1.58	2.53		0.033	0.023	0.051	0.046	0.029	0.021	0.037
Ghochan^1	1.79	6.98	6.22	1.48	1.89	1.90	1.05	8.19	7.45	4.13	4.56	1.27	6.87	6.34	2.00	1.14	4.01	2.82	6.80	1.86		0.050	0.039	0.032	0.033	0.031	0.035
Kazakhstan	1.00	1.87	1.18	1.30	1.35	1.35	1.70	1.21	1.17	1.58	7.25	2.45	4.92	5.41	9.95	1.28	7.77	1.45	4.98	3.03	1.17		0.060	0.063	0.030	0.032	0.070
Turkey	1.57	9.96	3.10	4.33	4.86	4.85	7.56	3.44	3.01	7.09	1.78	1.57	3.84	3.36	1.69	4.18	1.14	5.82	3.79	2.15	3.07	8.75		0.061	0.046	0.025	0.045
Italy	1.70	7.09	8.56	1.66	2.04	2.07	1.04	1.00	8.51	4.24	4.46	1.28	6.79	6.26	1.86	1.24	3.93	2.91	6.73	1.87	3.20	1.16	3.04		0.055	0.029	0.026
France	8.42	1.70	1.02	1.14	1.19	1.19	1.16	1.05	1.00	1.42	5.64	2.28	3.28	3.83	8.33	1.12	6.14	1.29	3.36	2.86	1.01	1.65	7.11	1.00		0.036	0.057
US	5.63	8.92	2.11	3.31	3.78	3.79	8.56	2.44	2.04	6.07	2.66	1.47	4.93	4.41	8.67	3.07	2.11	4.76	4.87	2.05	1.96	9.82	1.21	1.92	8.18		0.020
Australia	7.53	1.49	5.70	4.58	4.04	4.06	1.62	5.49	5.92	1.96	1.03	6.99	1.26	1.21	7.68	4.72	9.80	3.08	1.25	1.29	5.79	1.75	8.84	5.88	1.59	7.74
^1 Populations from Iran.

Table 4 . Genetic diversity parameters of the 27 local and exotic populations of M. sativa.

Population	Number of bands	He	Polymorphism (%)
Urumie1^1	36	0.058	13.64
Urumie2^1	35	0.032	6.82
Urumie3^1	42	0.109	34.09
Tabriz1^1	34	0.093	25.00
Tabriz2^1	38	0.051	13.64
Maraghe^1	40	0.123	40.91
Ahar^1	34	0.172	40.91
Ardebil1^1	38	0.069	18.18
Ardebil2^1	40	0.102	27.27
Kordestan^1	34	0.115	27.27
Hamedan^1	35	0.089	22.73
Karaj1^1	39	0.030	6.82
Karaj2^1	37	0.127	29.55
Arak1^1	37	0.149	36.36
Arak2^1	38	0.086	22.73
Khoramabad^1	38	0.092	22.73
Masjed-soleyman^1	42	0.074	22.73
Shiraz^1	38	0.138	34.09
Bam^1	35	0.074	25.00
Nikshahr^1	41	0.100	31.82
Ghochan^1	38	0.115	31.82
Kazakhstan	37	0.049	13.64
Turkey	37	0.164	36.36
Italy	36	0.066	18.18
France	38	0.086	20.45
US	39	0.098	27.27
Australia	38	0.162	38.64
^1 Populations from Iran.

Table 5 . Analysis of molecular variance (AMOVA) of the 27 local and exotic populations of M. sativa.

Variance	d.f.	SS	MS	Est. var.	Total (%)	P value
Between groups (local and exotic)	1	7.12	7.12	0.00	0
Among populations	25	286.9	11.48	1.08	33	0.010
Within populations	243	445.4	2.18	2.18	67	0.010
Total	269	739.6	20.79	3.21

Figure 3.  Dendrogram of the 27 local and exotic populations of M. sativa based on total protein profiles.

Figure 4.  Scatter diagram of the 27 local and exotic populations of M. sativa based on total protein profiles.

Table 6 . Pearson correlation analysis for the relationships between ecological factors and phenotypic and genetic parameters of the Iranian populations of M. sativa.

variable	Elevation from see level (m)	Average annual precipitation (mm)	Average annual maximum temperature (°C)	Average annual minimum temperature (°C)
Dry matter yield	0.334	0.231	−0.282	−0.235
Day to flowering	0.562^**	0.300	−0.563^**	−0.491^*
Regrowth rate	−0.083	0.311	0.202	0.035
Crown diameter	−0.056	0.137	0.144	0.127
Tiller number	0.248	0.301	−0.135	−0.157
Plant height	0.084	0.329	−0.140	−0.149
Leaf/stem weight ratio	0.127	−0.411	−0.207	−0.210
Speed of germination	0.345	0.635^**	−0.392	−0.435^*
Germination%	0.438^*	0.624^**	−0.511^*	−0.497^*
Seedling length	0.331	0.539^*	−0.240	−0.327
Seed vigour index	0.360	0.599^**	−0.298	−0.370
Seedling root/shoot length ratio	0.403	0.474^*	−0.397	−0.335
Seedling dry/fresh weight ratio	−0.224	−0.460	0.142	0.212
He	0.077	0.157	−0.024	−0.067
^*, ^** significant at 0.05 and 0.01 levels, respectively.