Impacts of growing and utilising genetically modified crops and forages – a New Zealand perspective

Figures & data

Table 1. Impact of domestic and international drivers/issues on New Zealand land use change/practice. Views from a survey of 226 participants selected based on their experience and expertise in relation to New Zealand’s primary industries. Taken from Driver et al. (2019) with permission from the author.

Driver/issue	Percentage (%) of those surveyed
	Domestic			International
	High	Medium	Low	High	Medium	Low
Water quality	91	8	1	69	26	5
Climate change	76	20	4	83	14	3
Biosecurity	37	48	15	51	41	8
Animal health and welfare	41	47	11	46	42	11
Pasture-based production	37	45	15	35	51	13
Food safety	39	42	18	55	35	9
GM and nanotechnology	17	47	29	26	43	31
Organic production	14	46	40	14	53	34
Functional foods	9	50	41	22	48	31
Country of origin	13	43	44	33	50	17

Table 2. Perceptions of 243 Italian undergraduate students towards GM products (adapted from Palmieri et al. 2020, under license 5203750640373 from Elsevier).

Statement	Percentage in each category
	Disagree	Indifferent	Agree
GM food is safe	37	39	24
GM food causes allergies	21	35	44
GM-free food is better for the environment	17	29	54
GM products are responsible for climate change	34	40	26
GM foods are unnatural products	17	26	57
GMO experimentation should be more controlled	5	17	78
Willing to pay more for a GM-free product	34	31	35
GM products use less environmental resources	20	44	36
GM products use less pesticides	23	42	35
GM production is motivated by economic reasons	38	30	32
GM product fight world hunger	27	37	36

Table 3. Comparison of market shares in different locations for the three fruit types sold at the prevailing market price, derived from choice modelling estimations (taken from Knight et al. 2007b, under license 5203350048709 from Springer Nature).

Location of fruit stall	Percentage (%) of market share
	Organic	Conventional	Spray-free GM
New Zealand	46	27	27
Sweden	39	39	21
France	46	34	20
Belgium	54	26	20
UK	50	34	17
Germany	50	28	22

Table 4. Comparison of market shares for the three fruit types in a scenario where organic is priced at a 15% premium and the spray-free GM product is discounted 15%, based on the choice modelling estimations (taken from Knight et al. 2007b, under license 5203350048709 from Springer Nature).

Location of fruit stall	Percentage (%) of market share
	Organic	Conventional	Spray-free GM
New Zealand	20***	20*	60***
Sweden	20***	38ns	43***
France	28***	39*	33**
Belgium	55ns	29ns	17ns
UK	32***	38*	30**
Germany	33***	31ns	36**

Significant differences better than 95% (*), 90% (**) or 99.9% (***) confidence level or otherwise (ns, not significant) between market share in scenario 1 (Table 3) and scenario 2 (Table 4) for each fruit type/country combination.

Figure 1. UK attitudes toward willingness to pay more per kg of lamb, based on an average price of £8. Consumer Group 1 has a focus on healthy environment and healthy animals; 2, on the cultural consumer; and 3, feed focused (taken from Saunders et al. 2021 with permission from authors).

Driver T, Saunders C, Duff S, Saunders J. 2019. The Matrix of Drivers: 2019 Update. Report for Our Land and Water National Science Challenge Agribusiness and Economics Research Unit (AERU), Lincoln University. p. 139. [accessed 2021 Nov 29]. https://ourlandandwater.nz/wp-content/uploads/2020/01/Matrix_OurLandandWaterScienceChallenge-TheMatrixofDrivers3-2019.pdf.

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