Mānuka honey as Rongoā for animals in agriculture

Figures & data

Table 1. Effect of Manuka honey on external wound healing/antimicrobial activity in ruminant species.

Animals	Type of study	Situation	Treatments	Delivery method	Duration	Outcome	Reference
Goat	In vivo	Treatment of severe chronic wounds on both forelimbs. The wound was covered with MH, during the initial period of debridement.	MH	Applied upon wound area	12 days	Effect of MH not measured.	Williams et al. (2022)
Goat/ Sheep /Pigs	In vivo	Used as topical application around the eyes, nose, ears and mouth or to treat burn skin.	MH wax salve	Applied upon wound area	Applied every 12 h until patients were discharged	Effect of MH not measured.	Chigerwe et al. (2020)
Sheep	In vivo	Bilateral wounds were surgically created on the backs	MH, hyaluronic acid (HA), and acemannan gel (AG), control (phosphate saline buffer)	Applied upon wound area	Applied daily for 42 d	HA was the best treatment for acute wounds where the priority is the reduction of healing time. MH and AG did not reduce wound closure time.	Iacopetti et al. (2020)
Cattle	In vitro	Bacteria strains isolated from cow’s milk suspected of mastitis	MH, hydrogen peroxide honey, and artificial honey dosed at 0.1, 1, 5, 10%			Six bacteria species were completely inhibited by MH at 5%.	Allen and Molan (1997)
Cattle/ sheep	In vitro	Bacteria isolated from cow’s milk, sheep’s milk, and from the Czech Collection of Microorganisms	MH-MGO100+, MH–MGO400+, and 5 types of blossom honeys at 20 and 30%	-	-	MH-MGO400 + had 100% inhibitory effect on all bacterial strains even at 20%.	Klimešová et al. (2018)
Alpaca	In vivo	Removal of masseter abscess	MH	Swab soaked in MH54	One application for 24 h	Successful response to the antimicrobial therapy.	Poza et al. (2023)
Ovine	In vivo	Frontal sinuses (Staphylococcus aureus was inoculated in sheep frontal sinuses)	In each sheep, 1 sinus was flushed with a panel of MGO concentrations ranging from 0.5–7.2 mg/mL alone and flushed with a panel of with 16.5% wt/vol MH enriched with MGO at the same range of concentrations (0.5-7.2 mg/mL; designated MH/MGO). Contralateral sinuses were flushed with saline control.	Topical application (flushes)	Twice daily for 14 d	Sinus irrigation with MH/MGO at MGO concentrations between 0.9 and 1.8 mg/mL is both safe to mucosa and efficacious against S. aureus biofilm	Paramasivan et al. (2014)

Table 2. Effect of Manuka honey on external wound healing/antimicrobial activity in monogastric large animals.

Animals	Type of study	Situation	Treatments	Delivery method	Duration	Outcome	Reference
Donkeys Experimental study	In vivo	Created skin wounds	MH, gentamycin 0.1%, zinc (zinc oxide 20%), Revan (honey, calendula extract, aloe vera extract, tea tree oil, panthenol, vit E, propolis, centella sciatica, myrrh, triclosan, vit C, silicon) and the composite ointment (chamomile oil, rosemary oil, clover flower bee honey)	Applied upon wound area	Daily until one of the bilateral wounds healed completely	Wounds treated with the composite were healed firstly, while all other wounds were still opened.	Anis et al. (2021)
Horses	In vivo	Lacerations treated by flied practitioners	MH (n = 69), and control cases (n = 58)	Applied upon wound area	Applied prior skin closure	Intralesional application of MGH in repaired lacerations improved the descriptive observations.	Mandel et al. (2020)
Horses	In vivo	Metacarpi created skin wounds, contaminated with faeces	MH UMF20, MH UMF5, MH UMF5 + 1% cannabinol	Applied upon wound area	Daily for 42 days	No effects.	McIver et al. (2020)
Horses	In vivo	Contaminated distal limb wounds	MH gel	Applied upon wound area	Daily until healing	Decrease in the healing times of equine distal limb wounds	Bonifer-Engelhardt (2020)
Horses	In vivo	Laparotomy incisions	MH, and control (no treated)	Applied to the linea alba prior to skin closure	Single application	MH reduced the surgical site infection.	McGovern and Bladon (2021)
Horses	In vivo	Horses that underwent colic surgery	MH, and control (no treated)	Applied to the linea alba prior to skin closure	Single application	The prevalence of incisional infections was decrease with MH.	Gustafsson et al. (2021)
Pigs	In vivo	Fifty standardised wounds on two pigs were infected with Staphylococcus aureus	Topically applied MH, and intramuscular gentamicin	Topically applied	Applied daily for eight days	No treatment difference on S. aureus count. Wound area was unchanged with MH treatment but decreased with gentamicin.	Muhrbeck et al. (2022)
Pigs	In vivo	Either canine or 1st premolars were extracted. One of the four treatments were assigned	MH incorporated membrane in fully closed extraction site or not, control membrane, and neither membrane	-	-	No treatment differences were observed. Though, unlike control membranes, MH membrane site were covered with epithelium at 4 weeks.	Evensky et al. (2019)
Horses	In vivo	Created skin wounds	non-contaminated control wounds; contaminated (faeces) control wounds; contaminated wounds treated daily with Manuka honey gel.	Applied upon wound area	10 days	Manuka honey gel resulted in a more organised granulation tissue bed early in wound repair.	Bischofberger et al. (2016)
Horses	In vivo	Created skin wounds	MH gel, activated protein C (ACP), commercial antibiotic ointment (bacitracin–neomycin–polymixin B ointment), petrolatum, and control (not treatment)	Applied upon wound area	Daily throughout healing	Wound healing variables between MH, ACP and Control did not differ.	Bischofberger et al. (2015)
Horses	In vivo	Created skin wounds	MH, Control (no treatment)	Applied upon wound area	Daily for 12 d	MH reduced wound area by reducing retraction but did not affect overall healing time.	Bischofberger et al. (2011)
Horses	In vivo	Created skin wounds	MH, and MH gel (UMF20+)	Applied upon wound area	Daily for 12 d or until completion of the treatment	Treatment of wounds with MH and MG gel reduced wound retraction and overall healing time compared with gel and untreated control wounds.	Bischofberger et al. (2013)
Horses	In vivo	Case study	MH	Topical application	One application	MH was used as an adjunct treatment	Herdan et al. (2012)
Horses	In vivo	Created skin wounds	MH-UMF20, MH-UMF5, generic multifloral honey (GH), and saline (control)	Topical application	Daily for 12 d	Treatment with MH-UMF20 reduced overall wound healing time compared with wounds treated with GH and control wounds	Tsang et al. (2017)

Table 3. Effect of Manuka honey on external wound healing/antimicrobial activity in companion animal species.

Species	Type of study	Situation	Treatments	Delivery method	Duration	Outcome	Reference
Cats	In vivo	Bilateral tooth extractions	MH-based ointment, and no treatment (control)	Sockets were filled with MH after thought extraction		Reduces redness, improves flap viability, and enhances wound healing.	Pleeging et al. (2022)
Cats	In vivo	Infected wounds in different areas of the body	MH, and Ethacridine lactate	Applied upon wound area	-	Similar results between treatments.	Apaydin et al. (2019)
Dogs	In vivo	Surgical wounds created bilaterally on the trunk.	MH, and standard–of–care (calcium alginate)	Dressing	-	Wounds healed in the same amount of time.	Repellin et al. (2021)
Dogs	In vivo	Postoperative outcome for inflammatory interdigital nodules surgery	MH	Applied upon wound area	-	Wound management avoiding antibiotics can be used without impaired healing or increased complication rate.	Frey and Varjonen (2023)
Dogs	In vivo	Canine nasal intertrigo (skin fold dermatitis)	MH (n = 13), and placebo hydrogel (n = 16)	Applied upon wound area	Daily for 21 days	The therapeutic effect of MH was inferior to the placebo.	Brosseau et al. (2020)
Dogs	In vivo	Otitis externa	MH, and chlorhexidine-Tris-ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA)	Applied to affected ears	Daily for 10 days	Some benefits to treatment of clinical signs and reduction in number of years in affected dogs.	Fregeneda-Grandes et al. (2020)
Dogs	In vitro	Staphylococcus Pseudintermedius strains obtain from dogs with canine pyoderma	MH-based gel, propolis, tea tree oil, and Rosmarinus officinalis oil	-	-	MH-based gel presented the lowest minimum inhibitory concentration.	Meroni et al. (2020)
Dogs	In vitro	Staphylococcal isolates originated from human and canine skin infections; Pseudomonas spp., from canine otitis externa cases	40%, and 80% w/v MH	-	-	Both MHs were effective against common cutaneous pathogens. The 40% MH was more effective against Pseudomonas spp.	Cremers et al. (2020)
Dogs	In vitro	S. pseudintermedius strains	MH, penicillin (1 unit), tetracycline (30 μg), chloramphenicol (30 μg), gentamicin (10 μg), and oxacillin (1 μg)	-	-	Strains were inhibited by 12% (wt/vol) MH, but tolerance was observed by the 5 antibiotics. MH increase susceptibility of 4 antibiotics but oxacillin.	Brown et al. (2020)
Dogs	In vitro	Drug-resistant strains isolated from chronic otitis	MH, Acacia, Liden, and Rapeseed honey			MH had the most effective antimicrobial activity.	Hulea et al. (2022)
Cats	In vivo	Infected wounds	MH, and Ethacridine lactate (Rivanol)	Applied upon wound area	-	Similar results between treatments	Apaydin et al. (2019)

Table 4. Use of Manuka honey in production animals – production responses.

Animals	Type of study	Situation	Treatments	Delivery method	Duration	Outcome	Reference
Cattle	In vivo	Grazing milking cattle	5 ml/d of a commercial supplement containing MH + Aloe vera (n = 400), and control (no treated; n = 600)	Fed	Milking period	Milk production was increase 5.5% during the peak and 4.7% over the whole season.	Whyte et al. (2017)
Cattle	In vivo	Teat’s degree of teat-end hyperkeratosis was evaluated	0.5% iodine/14.5% emollient MH post-milking dip (n = 81), and 0.5% iodine/5% emollient teat dip (n = 93)	Applied to the teat end.	Daily for 8 wks.	The teat condition score improved with the use of MH.	Thomas and Nydam (2011)

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