Three psychophilous Asteraceae species with distinct reproductive mechanisms in southeastern Brazil

Figures & data

Figure 1. A, Anthesis of Adenostemma brasilianum; B, Bidens segetum; C, Grazielia intermedia florets. an, anther; co, corolla; fi, filament; ne, nectary; pa, pappus; sb, style branch; sl, stigmatic line.

Table 1. Results of pollination tests in capitula of Adenostemma brasilianum, Bidens segetum and Grazielia intermedia in Viçosa, southeastern Brazil. Values in parentheses correspond to data from one of the two G. intermedia individuals that did not produce pollen.

Test	Individuals	Capitula	Flowers	Fruits
	(no.)	(no.)	(no.)	(no.)	(%)^a
	Adenostemma brasilianum
Spontaneous self-pollination	18	27	1247	173	13.9^a
Hand self-pollination	12	44	1392	496	35.6^b
Apomixis	10	31	1117	0	0.0^c
Cross-pollination	10	27	984	803	81.6^d
Open-pollination	16	50	1624	1158	71.3^e
	Bidens segetum
Spontaneous self-pollination	8	22	607	0	0.0^a
Hand self-pollination	13	22	649	10	1.5^a
Apomixis	10	22	669	0	0.0^a
Cross-pollination	13	22	676	196	29.1^b
Open-pollination	17	60	1676	695	41.1^c
	Grazielia intermedia
Spontaneous self-pollination	15	322	1610	1073	66.1^a
Hand self-pollination	15	190	950	732	77.6^b
Apomixis	15 (1)	269 (15)	1345 (75)	690 (48)	50.2^c (64)
Cross-pollination	14	158	790	618	79.1^b
Open-pollination	15	333	1665	1266	76.6^b

^aMeans followed by the same letter do not differ by Tukey’s test at 5% probability.

Table 2. Capitulum visitors of Adenostemma brasilianum (A), Bidens segetum (B) and Grazielia intermedia (G), and visitation categories. All butterflies (Lepidoptera, Rhopalocera) listed in Cruz et al. (2012) have been observed on the study species and are considered pollinators. This table lists additional Lepidoptera and other insect visitors.

Order	Family	Subfamily	Species	Plant	Category
Coleoptera	Chrysomelidae	Alticinae	Asphaera hilaris (Jacoby, 1905)	B	thief
			Asphaera sp.	B	thief
	Curculionidae		Morphospecies 1	B	thief
Diptera	Bombyliidae		Morphospecies 1	G	pollinator
	Caliphoridae		Morphospecies 1	G	pollinator
	Sarcophagidae		Morphospecies 1	G	pollinator
	Syrphidae		Morphospecies 1	A	pollinator
			Morphospecies 1	A	pollinator
			Morphospecies 2	G	pollinator
		Eristalinae	Ornidia obesa Fabricius, 1775	A	pollinator
Hemiptera	Coreidae	Coreinae	Hypselonotus interruptus Hahn, 1831	B	thief
	Pentatomidae	Pentatominae	Thyanta sp.	B	thief
	Reduviidae	Harpactorinae	Apiomerus sp.	B	thief
Hymenoptera	Apidae	Apinae	Apis mellifera (Linnaeus, 1758)	B, G	pollinator (B), thief (G)
			Exomalopsis sp.	B	pollinator
			Melipona mondury Smith, 1863	B	pollinator
			Melipona quadrifasciata (Lepeletier, 1836)	B	pollinator
			Paratetrapedia sp. 1	B	pollinator
			Paratetrapedia sp. 2	B	pollinator
			Paratetrapedia sp. 3	B	pollinator
			Paratetrapedia sp. 4	B	pollinator
			Tetragona clavipes (Fabricius, 1804)	G	thief
		Meliponinae	Plebeia sp.	A	pollinator
			Trigona spinipes (Fabricius, 1793)	G	thief
		Xylocopinae	Xylocopa sp. 1	B	pollinator
			Xylocopa sp. 2	B	pollinator
	Halictidae		Morphospecies 1	B	thief
			Morphospecies 2	B	thief
			Morphospecies 3	B	thief
			Morphospecies 4	B	thief
			Morphospecies 5	G	thief
			Morphospecies 6	G	thief
		Halictinae	Paroxystoglossa sp.	A	pollinator
	Megachilidae		Morphospecies 1	B	pollinator
			Morphospecies 2	B	pollinator
			Morphospecies 3	G	thief
	Scoliidae	Scoliinae	Campsomeris sp.	G	pollinator
	Sphecidae	Ammophilinae	Eremnophila sp.	G	pollinator
	Vespidae		Morphospecies 1	B	thief
Lepidoptera			Morphospecies 1	B	pollinator
(Heterocera)			Morphospecies 2	B	pollinator
	Arctiidae		Morphospecies 1	A	pollinator
			Morphospecies 2	A	pollinator
			Morphospecies 3	G	pollinator
		Arctiinae	Argyroeides braco Herrich-Schäffer, 1855	A	pollinator
			Calodesma sp.	G	pollinator
			Dinia mena (Hübner, 1827)	A	pollinator
			Epectaptera sp.	A	pollinator
			Macrocneme thyridia Hampson, 1898	G	pollinator
			Napata leucotelus Butler, 1976	A	pollinator
			Pseudosphex noverca Schaus, 1901	A	pollinator
	Notodontidae	Dioptinae	Phaeochlaena gyon (Fabricius, 1787)	G	pollinator

Cruz KC, Lelis SM, Godinho MAS, Fonseca RS, Ferreira PSF, Vieira MF. 2012. Species richness of anthophilous butterflies of an Atlantic Forest fragment in Southeastern Brazil. Rev Ceres. 59:571–579. doi: 10.1590/S0034-737X2012000500001

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