Planning of second-home tourism and sustainability in various locations: Same but different?

Figures & data

Fig. 1. Three dimensions of sustainability and their respective main conflict themes and policy areas (based on Medalen 2008)

Fig. 2. Three Norwegian case study areas: Sjusjøen, Renåfjellet and Lygna (© Esri ArcGIS Pro 2.7, reproduced with permission)

Table 1. Description of data collection and key stakeholders

Study areas	Individual in-depth interviews			Focus group interviews
	Organization	Position	Type*	Organization	Position	Type*
Sjusjøen	Ringsaker Municipality	Planner	L	Second home community welfare organization (6 participants)	–	**
	Ringsaker Municipality	Executive officer	L
	Ringsaker Municipality	Advisor business development	L
	Landowner 1	Manager	L
	Landowner 2	Manager	L
	Landowner 3	Manager	L
	Trekking association	Board member	L
	Destination Management Organization	Manager	L
	Second homes community welfare org.	Board member	L
	County Governor	Advisor, protected areas	R
	County Governor	Advisor, area and climate
	County authority	Advisor, wildlife
	County authority	Planner
Renåfjellet	Rendalen Municipality	Politician	L	County Governor	Advisor, protected areas	L
	Rendalen Municipality	Advisor, business development	L	Municipality	Former politician	L
	Retail trade	Manager	L	Accommodation	Manager	L
	Business association	Leader	L	Accommodation/Business association	Manager/leader	L
	Resident	Scholar	L	Retail trade (hardware)	Manager	L
	County Governor	Advisor, protected areas	R	Craftspersons	Employee	L
				Retail trade (recreational)	Owner and manager (2 persons)	L
				Landowner 1	Member	L
				Landowner 2	Leader	L
				Hunting and fishing association	Leader	L
				Community welfare org.	Leader	L
Lygna	Gran Municipality	Politician, planning committee	L	–	–	–
	Gran Municipality	Municipal community and cultural officer	L	–	–	–
	Gran Municipality	Planner	L	–	–	–
	Regional council	Advisor, climate actions	R	–	–	–
	Landowner 1	Manager	L	–	–	–
	Landowner 2	Manager	L	–	–	–
	Nature conservation association	Leader	L	–	–	–
	Consulting company	Project leader, project on climate-positive second homes	L	–	–	–

Notes: * Affiliation to the study area: L – local level, R – regional level; ** Participants represent different locations

Table 2. Document studies

Study area	Type of document	Details	Period	Description	Type*
Sjusjøen	Management documents, Ringsaker Municipality	Municipal master plan	2015–2018	–	L
		Land use part of the municipal master plan	2015–2018	–
		Municipal subplans	2015–2018	–
		Zoning plan	2015–2018	–
	Newspaper	Newspaper 1: Ringsaker Blad	1: 2015–2018	Search terms*: cabins; second home development, sustainable development, sustainable tourism	L
		Newspaper 2: Hamar arbeiderblad	2: 2018	–	R
		Newspaper 3: Gudbrandsdølen Dagningen	3: 2014–2018	–
		Second home community welfare org. 2
		Second home community welfare org. 3
Renåfjellet	Management documents, Rendalen Municipality	Municipal master plan	2015–2018	–	L
		Land use part of the municipal master plan	2015–2018	–
		Municipal subplans	2015–2018	–
		Zoning plan	2015–2018	–
	Newspaper	Search in Atekst Retriever (different newspapers in a central newspaper archive)	2017–2020	Search terms*: cabins, second home development, sustainable development, sustainable tourism	R and L
Lygna	Management documents, Gran Municipality	Municipality land use plan	2015–2018	–	L
		Municipality strategy plan	2015–2018	–
		Municipality energy and climate subplan	2011–2016	–
		Municipality business plan	2015–2018	–
		Municipality innovation strategy	2015–2018	–
		Community part of municipality area plan	2015–2018	–
	Reports on climate-positive second homes	Climate actions for Hadeland 2016–2019	–	Final report (Gran kommune n.d.)	L
		Pre-study application: climate-positive cabin life in Lygna prototype cabin area	–	Pre-study prepared in 2016 by Norsk Turistutvikling AS, titled ‘Klimapositivt hytteliv på Lygna. Forprosjekter for klimagassreduserende tiltak'
		Report: climate-positive cabin life in Lygna	–	Report (Miljødirektoratet 2019)
	Newspaper	Hadeland	2018–2019	Search terms*: Climate-positive second homes, cabins, second home development, sustainable development, sustainable tourism	R

Notes: *Affiliation to the study area: L – local level, R – regional level; ** Affiliation to the study area varied

Table 3. Municipality facts relating to the three case destinations in 2020

Municipality facts	Ringsaker Municipality (Sjusjøen)	Rendalen Municipality (Renåfjellet)	Gran Municipality (Lygna)
No. of second homes	7251	2266	1651
No. of inhabitants	34,768	1780	13,630
Municipality area (km^2)	1123	3061	657
Distance from the capital area (km)	180	250	80
Distance from the regional centre (km)	22	81	10
Employment distribution public-private (%)	29–71	42–58	30–70
Business structure, employment (%):	100	100	100
primary (%)	4	12	4
secondary (%)	26	16	20
retail trade (%)	33	24	32
other (%)	36	48	44

Fig. 3. Two-dimensional model for the situations of municipalities outside cities (redrawn version of model by Frisvoll 2018, 3)

Fig. 4. Case study areas within a two-dimensional model of circumstances for rural municipalities

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