Presence of agriculture in photos of Norwegian landscapes uploaded to Flickr

Figures & data

Fig. 1. Example images representing the different image attributes (Photos: Wenche Dramstad, NIBIO, upper row from left to right 2021, 2018, 2021, lower row from left to right 2017, 2018, 2019)

Fig. 2. A photo example illustrating identification of attributes in an example image (Photo: Wenche Dramstad, NIBIO, 2014)

Table 1. Predefined image attributes identified during inspection of the photos

Photograph attributes
Outside	Tree covered	Active farming	Buildings
Visible agriculture	Agricultural background	Living nature	Farm building
Snow covered	Mood or art	Leisure activities	Water
Distance view	Landscape	Objects	Aerial or drone
People	Mountains	–	–

Fig. 3. Example of tag categories and aggregation of tags in the data illustrated on an example photo (Photo: Wenche Dramstad, NIBIO, 2010)

Fig. 4. Number of photographs taken within Norway and uploaded to Flickr between 2016 and 2020 (total 16,499)

Fig. 5. Location of the 11,575 unique photo points (left-hand side) and top 10 photo locations, based on kernel density with a 50,000 m search radius and 5000 m cell size (right-hand side)

Fig. 6. a) Proportion of photos and area per land cover type in Norway; b) Photos per km² for the different land cover types in Norway (photos apparently taken at sea are excluded from both graphs)

Fig. 7. Photos taken in the different land cover types (categories): (a) agriculture, (b) forest, (c) mountains, and (d) water

Table 2. Distribution of tags within each group of photos (%)

Category	All photos	Outside agriculture	Inside agriculture	Visible agriculture
Norway	38.5	38.3	35.8	32.9
Place	25.1	25.9	23.0	20.6
Nature	6.8	5.7	10.0	7.7
Agriculture	0.0	0.0	0.8	4.6
Church	0.4	0.0	2.0	3.3
Other	12.3	13.5	10.2	9.5
Weather/season	5.9	5.3	9.0	11.2
Year	2.9	3.1	1.2	1.1
Urban	1.7	2.7	0.0	0.0
Landscape	1.6	1.5	2.1	3.3
Water	4.8	3.9	5.9	5.8
Totals	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0

Table 3. Numbers of photos with hashtags and unique tags for each group

Photos/Tags	All photos	Outside agriculture	Inside agriculture	Visible agriculture
Photos (no.)	11,576	9295	1867	565
Tagged photos	7057	5676	1158	320
Tags (no.)	60,749	48,278	11,996	2940
Unique tags	12,620	10,672	4056	1318