Normalising childhood: policies and interventions concerning special children in the United States and Europe (1900–1960)

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Notes

¹Lewis Carroll, Alice’s Adventures in Wonderland, Millennium Fulcrum Edition: http://www.cs.cmu.edu/~rgs/alice-table.html.

²For a recent overview of the extensive literature on the theme, see André Turmel, A Historical Sociology of Childhood: Developmental Thinking, Categorization and Graphic Visualization (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2008).

³Turmel, A Historical Sociology of Childhood, 84.

⁴Ingrid Lohmann and Christine Mayer, “Lessons from the history of education for a ‘century of the child at risk’”, in Paedagogica Historica 45 (2009): 1–16.

⁵Ibid, 3.

⁶Erica Burman, Deconstructing Developmental Psychology (London: Routledge, 1994).

⁷Allison James, “The standardized child: issues of openness, objectivity and agency in promoting childhood health”, Anthropological Journal on European Cultures 13 (2004): 93–110.

⁸John R. Morss, Developmental Psychology and the Darwinian Myth (Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum, 1990).

⁹Turmel, A Historical Sociology of Childhood, 300.

¹⁰See, for example, Elizabeth M.R. Lomax, The Small and Special: The Development of Hospitals for Children in Victorian Britain (London: Welcome Institute for the History of Medicine, 1996); Alice Klaus, Every Child a Lion: The Origins of Maternal and Infant Heath Policy in the United States and France, 1890/1920 (Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 1993); R.A. Meckel, Save the Babies: American Public Health Reform and the Prevention of Infant Mortality, 1850–1929 (Baltimore, MD: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1990); H. Marland and M. Gijswijt-Hofstra, “Introduction: Cultures of child health in Britain and the Netherlands in the twentieth century”, in M. Gijswijt-Hofstra and H. Marland, eds. Cultures of Child Health in Britain and the Netherlands in the Twentieth Century (Amsterdam and New York: Rodopi, 2003), 7–30.

¹¹Barbara Beatty, Emily D. Cahan and Julia Grant, “Introduction”, in Barbara Beatty et al., eds. When Science Encounters the Child: Education, Parenting, and Child Welfare in 20th-century America (New York: Teachers College, Columbia University, 2006), 1–15.

¹²Beatty et al., “Introduction” in When Science Encounters the Child, 2.

¹³Turmel, A Historical Sociology of Childhood, 153.

¹⁴Jeroen J.H Dekker, Het verlangen naar opvoeding. Over de groei van de pedagogische ruimte sinds de Gouden Eeuw tot omstreeks 1900 (Amsterdam: Bert Bakker, 2006); Jeroen J.H. Dekker, Educational Ambitions in History: Childhood and Education in an Expanding Educational Space from the Seventeenth to the Twentieth Century (Frankfurt am Main: Peter Lang, 2010).

¹⁵Dekker, Educational Ambitions, 12–15.

¹⁶Dekker, Educational Ambitions, 16.

¹⁷Turmel, A Historical Sociology of Childhood, 118.

¹⁸Most of the contributions were papers first presented at a panel on Childhood, Disability and Special Education in the Section Childhood and Education of the Social Science History Conference in Lisbon, 27 February–1 May 2008.

¹⁹Gijswijt-Hofstra and Marland.

²⁰Ian Grosvenor and Kevin Myers, “Progressivism, control and correction: local education authorities and educational policy in twentieth-century England”, Paedagogica Historica 42 (2006): 225–248. Ellen Herman, Alice Boardman Smuts: Science in the Service of Children, 1893–1935 (London: Yale University Press, 2006); Christopher Bayly, The Birth of the Modern World (Oxford: Blackwell, 2004); Edward Higgs, The Information State in England: The Central Collection of Information on Citizens since 1500 (Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan, 2004); Theodore M. Porter and Dorothy Ross, eds. The Cambridge History of Science Volume VII: The Modern Social Sciences (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2003); Jeroen H. Dekker, “Children at risk in history: a story of expansion”, Paedagogica Historica 45 (2009): 17–36.

²¹Peter Stearns, “Challenges in the history of childhood”, Journal of the History of Childhood and Youth 1 (2008): 35–42.

²²Paul Longmore and Lauri Umansky, “Disability history: from the margins to the mainstream”, in Paul Longmore and Lauri Umansky, eds. The New Disability History: American Perspectives (New York: New York University Press, 2001); Susan L. Gabel and Scot Danforth, eds. Disability and the Politics of Education: An International Rreader (New York: Peter Lang, 2008).

²³D.C. Baynton, “Disability in history”, Perspectives on History 44 (2006) (www.historians.org/perspectives); Pieter Verstraete, Disablity history: a Foucauldian perspective, PhD thesis, Catholic University Leuven, 2008.

²⁴R. Bogdan, Freak Show: Presenting Human Oddities for Amusement and Profit (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1998); J.W. Trent, “Defectives at the World’s Fair: constructing disability in 1904”, Remedial and Special Education 19 (1998): 201–211; R. Garland Thomson, “From wonder to error: a genealogy of freak discourse in modernity”, in R. Garland Thomson, ed. Freakery: Cultural Spectacles of the Extraordinary Body (New York: New York University Press).

²⁵B. Demuynck, “Searching for a broadened picture of disability history”, Paedagogica Historica 41 (2005): 747–804.

²⁶van Drenth, “Doctors, philanthropists and teachers as ‘true’ ventriloquists: introduction to a special issue on the history of special education”, History of Education 34 (2005): 107–117.

²⁷Catherine Kudlick, “Disability history: why we need another ‘others’”, American Historical Review 108 (2003): 763–793.

²⁸M. Thomson, Psychological Subjects: Identity, Health and Culture in Twentieth Century Britain (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2006).

²⁹G. Richards, “Race”, Racism and Psychology: Towards a Reflexive History (London: Routledge, 1997).

³⁰Ian Copeland, The Making of the Backward Pupil in Education in England, 1870–1914 (London: Woburn, 1999).

³¹See, for example, M.K. Nelson, Parenting Out of Control: Anxious Parents in Uncertain Times (New York: New York University Press, 2010); Peter N. Stearns. Anxious Parents: A History of Modern Childrearing in America (New York: New York University Press, 2003); A. Hulbert, Raising America: Experts, Parents and a Century of Advice about Children (New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 2003); F. Furedi, Paranoid Parenting: Abandon Your Fears and Be a Good Parent (London: Allen Lane, 2001).

³²P. Cooper, “Education in the age of Ritalin”, in D. Rees and S.P.R. Rose, eds. The New Brain Sciences: Perils and Prospects (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2004); N. Rose, “Normality and pathology in a biomedical age”, Sociological Review 57 (2009): 66–83; M. Holmer Nadesan, Governing Childhood into the 21st Century: Biopolitical Technologies of Childhood Management and Education (New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2010).