Strategies of Animal Exploitation in Late Iron Age IIA Ḥorvat Tevet (the Jezreel Valley) Reveal Patterns of Royal Economy in Early Monarchic Israel

Figures & data

Figure 1. Maps showing the location of Ḥorvat Tevet and that of other sites mentioned in the article.

Figure 2. Topographical Map of Ḥorvat Tevet and its Excavations Areas.

Table 1. Occupational Levels in Ḥorvat Tevet

Level	Period		Settlement Type
Level 1	Medieval – Mamluk	13-14th centuries ce	Rural Settlement
Level 2	Roman-Byzantine	First Centuries ce	Rural Settlement
Level 3	Iron Age III	7th-6th century bce	Rural Settlement
Level 4	Late Iron Age IIA	Late 9th– Early 8th centuries bce	Fort like Building 4000, granary
Level 6/5	Late Iron Age IIA	Early 9th century bce	Pillared Building 5000 (Israelite Royal Estate)
Level 7	Late Age Iron IIA	Late 10th – Early 9th centuries bce	Pillared Building 7000 (Israelite royal estate)
Level 8	Iron Age I	11th century bce	Rural Settlement
Level 9	Middle Bronze Age III/Late Bronze I	18th – 15th centuries bce	Sanctuary

Figure 3. Schematic Plan of the Sequence of Late Iron IIA Pillared Buildings in Ḥorvat Tevet, Area A.

Table 4. Distal Breadth of Cattle (Bos taurus) Metacarpals.

Metacarpal	Phase	Bd
#582	Upper Terrace/Level V	53.42
#846	Upper Terrace/Level V	66.04
#1037	Upper Terrace/Level VII	62.42
#1780	Lower Terrace/Phase G2	51.86
#2123	Lower Terrace/Phase G2	48.38

Table 2. Number of Identified Specimens (NISP), Minimum Number of Individuals (MNI), And Frequency of Species (NISP%) of the Upper and Lower Terraces.

Horvat Tevet	Species	Common Name	Upper Terrace			Lower Terrace
			Level VII-V			Phase F1/G1/G2
			NISP	MNI	NISP%	NISP	MNI	NISP%
Domesticated Ungulates	Capra hircus	Goat	26	3	2.7%	16	5	3.3%
	Ovis aries	Sheep	28	5	2.9%	12	3	2.5%
	B Size	Sheep or Goat	422	12	44.2%	175	7	36.2%
	Bos taurus	Cow	224	5	23.5%	178	7	36.9%
	A Size	Large Mammal	192	2	20.1%	78	2	16.1%
	Canis familiaris	Domestic Dog	1 (53)	1	0.1%	2	2	0.4%
	Equus sp.	Donkey or Horse	6	1	0.6%	4	2	0.8%
Wild Mammals	Sus scrofa	Wild Boar	8	1	0.8%	7	2	1.4%
	Gazella gazella	Gazelle	14	2	1.5%	4	1	0.8%
	Caprelous caprelous	Roe Deer	2	1	0.2%
	Cervus elaphus	Red Deer	2	1	0.2%	6	3	1.2%
	Dama mesopotamica	Fallow Deer	4	1	0.4%	1	1	0.2%
	Lepus capensis	Cape Hare	3	1	0.3%
Aves	Alectoris chuckar	Partridge	2	2	0.2%
	Anser anser	Domestic Goose	3	1	0.3%
Rodentia	Spalax ehrenbergi	Mole-Rat	11	6	1.2%
Actinopterygii	Actinopterygii Size	Fish	4	1	0.4%
	Dentex dentex	Common Dentex	1	1	0.1%
	Sparidae	Porgies	2	1	0.2%
Total			955	48	100%	483	35	100%

Figure 4. Histogram of the Percentage of Fused Elements for Cattle in Upper and the Lower Terraces. Age estimation following Silver (1969).

Table 3. Tooth-wear of Caprine and Cattle for the Upper and Lower Terraces following Grant (1982) and Payne (1973).

Tooth wear	Cattle		Tooth wear	Caprines
	Upper Terrace	Lower Terrace		Upper Terrace	Lower Terrace
A			A
B		1	B	1
C	1		C	2
D	1	1	D	5	5
E		1	E	1
F	1		F	4	2
G	2		G/H	4	3
H	2		I

Figure 5. Body Part Comparison of Cattle from the Upper and Lower Terrace, based on Minimal Animal Units %.

Figure 6. Histogram of the Percentage of Fused Elements for Caprines in Upper and Lower Terrace. Age estimation following Zeder (2006).

Figure 7. Body Part Comparison of Caprines from the Upper and Lower Terrace, based on Minimal Animal Units %.

Figure 8. Distal Depth (Dd) Measurement (mm) of Sheep and Goat Humerii.

Silver, I. A., 1969. ‘The Ageing of Domestic Animals’, in D. Brothwell, and E. Higgs (eds), Science in Archaeology, New York: Thames & Hudson, 283–302.

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Payne, S., 1973. ‘Kill-off Patterns in Sheep and Goats: The Mandibles from Asvan Kale’, Anatolian Studies 23, 281–304.

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Zeder, M. A., 2006. ‘Reconciling rates of Long Bone Fusion and Tooth Eruption Wear in Sheep (Ovis) and Goat (Capra)’, in D. Ruscillo (ed.), Recent Advances in Aging and Sexing Animal Bones, Oxford: Oxbow Books, 87–118.

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