Regional Differences in Educational Achievement among Swedish Grade 9 Students

Figures & data

Table 1. Descriptive statistics for Swedish municipalities.

Municipality	Grades %	Highly-educated individuals %	Welfare r %	Certified teachers %	Distance	Non-natives %
Ale	75.8	21.5	11.0	84.0	34	22
Alingssås	77.4	25.6	12.4	82.1	42	15
Alvesta	64.8	16.3	16.2	81.8	101	33
Aneby	81.9	15.5	15.6	72.3	40	22
Arboga	70.6	16.9	16.3	80.3	47	24
Arjeplog	82.1	14.7	14.1	80.8	272	12
Arvidsjaur	90.5	15.8	15.9	57.7	203	11
Arvika	76.5	17.6	16.1	74.2	154	18
Askersund	69.2	13.8	13.5	81.3	46	11
Avesta	57.4	14.1	19.4	62.3	63	31
Bengstfors	60.9	13.9	19.1	74.4	148	34
Berg	77.0	14.6	13.6	57.9	312	20
Bjurholm	67.9	14.3	17.5	96.0	52	16
Bjuv	67.2	10.6	16.3	68.8	14	37
Boden	78.6	23.4	14.7	86.5	233	17
Bollnäs	71.6	15.8	20.1	63.8	85	20
Bollebyggds	80.8	22.1	9.9	81.7	36	11
Borgholm	66.7	18.2	15.6	72.8	30	19
Borlänge	58.3	19.0	16.1	71.8	96	32
Borås	73.1	22.8	13.7	76.1	0	33
Botkyrka	69.8	20.1	14.5	66.3	16	52
Boxholm	82.6	14.5	14.0	86.4	52	15
Bromölla	66.9	14.9	16.8	71.3	106	26
Bräcke	62.3	14.7	18.8	60.8	270	19
Burlöv	66.5	22.9	16.5	83.3	7	52
Båstad	76.0	22.8	12.1	84.3	43	20
Dals-Ed	75.5	13.2	14.0	60.7	133	16
Danderyd	93.2	57.3	5.7	84.2	9	17
Degerfors	59.6	10.2	19.9	81.2	45	25
Dorotea	70.4	12.0	16.7	64.7	194	13
Eda	83.6	10.2	13.5	78.8	252	30
Ekerö	84.1	31.6	7.8	74.2	17	13
Eksjö	67.8	22.1	16.0	66.0	50	29
Emmaboda	66.7	13.6	16.9	81.0	50	35
Enköping	73.8	20.2	12.9	74.7	40	22
Eslöv	73.6	22.1	14.9	82.1	32	27
Eskilstuna	69.8	20.9	19.4	74.7	0	38
Essunga	69.6	22.1	15.2	83.3	72	27
Fagersta	64.7	13.9	19.3	71.2	59	37
Falköping	71.7	17.6	16.5	69.3	107	24
Falkenberg	74.4	17.9	12.4	88.9	95	28
Falun	76.4	29.0	11.6	81.3	83	17
Filipstad	79.9	10.2	23.9	62.7	77	32
Finspång	73.7	16.9	16.1	71.2	28	25
Flen	56.4	14.9	21.1	58.9	82	45
Forshaga	69.0	18.3	15.0	84.8	102	10
Färgelanda	60.0	12.4	16.8	84.1	96	17
Gagnef	77.2	17.2	10.5	87.9	113	9
Gislaved	63.8	13.0	14.2	67.2	65	35
Gnesta	65.2	19.6	12.4	66.0	53	15
Gnosjö	65.0	12.1	12.7	76.1	54	40
Gotland	79.5	21.7	13.3	81.3	162	9
Grästorp	88.7	15.8	12.9	77.6	81	11
Grums	67.9	11.5	17.5	77.0	120	14
Gullspång	64.7	11.5	21.2	65.7	72	39
Gällivare	78.8	15.6	11.3	62.6	369	14
Gävle	69.9	25.0	16.5	74.7	0	24
Göteborg	72.9	36.0	13.1	79.7	0	37
Götene	79.2	16.6	14.5	80.6	128	19
Habo	75.0	25.4	9.8	91.7	20	8
Hagfors	70.5	12.5	18.0	73.9	120	21
Hallsberg	60.2	13.6	15.7	70.8	24	28
Hallstahammar	71.6	15.2	14.5	73.0	18	24
Halmstad	74.1	25.8	13.8	87.2	71	26
Hammarö	86.3	33.4	9.2	92.0	127	6
Haninge	72.1	18.1	11.5	65.7	17	32
Haparanda	62.6	14.4	23.0	67.6	289	40
Heby	76.1	13.6	15.0	75.6	44	15
Helsingborg	76.8	25.3	16.2	74.4	0	38
Herrljunga	73.1	15.3	14.8	76.4	74	17
Hjo	77.9	19.4	13.7	80.2	152	11
Hofors	71.1	11.7	17.9	68.8	49	21
Huddinge	81.0	28.9	10.1	79.4	11	20
Hudiksvall	75.3	19.8	16.0	72.5	117	14
Hultsfred	60.8	11.7	19.8	67.6	98	42
Hylte	54.3	13.3	16.6	63.8	109	41
Håbo	74.5	18.4	9.1	65.2	30	15
Härjedalen	76.6	13.2	12.2	64.4	378	17
Hällefors	71.0	10.8	20.7	62.7	69	39
Härnösand	69.1	22.0	18.3	75.9	177	28
Härryda	85.1	34.4	9.6	84.8	19	10
Hässeholm	69.7	19.2	17.2	79.1	68	27
Höganäs	86.6	27.7	11.6	80.2	72	15
Högsby	66.7	12.2	23.3	64.8	60	49
Hörby	72.5	26.3	13.6	73.3	50	15
Höör	66.0	26.3	12.7	83.5	64	16
Jokkmokk	80.4	16.5	12.8	58.0	310	26
Järfälla	76.8	28.1	11.6	76.6	16	37
Jönköping	80.5	27.8	12.3	87.1	0	25
Kalix	77.7	16.6	15.8	85.4	264	12
Kalmar	84.5	28.7	13.2	90.5	0	21
Karlsborg	77.3	19.0	14.5	76.8	92	15
Karlshamn	66.5	21.0	16.8	74.0	107	24
Karlskoga	62.2	16.9	17.4	76.6	39	26
Karlskrona	76.3	29.0	13.4	78.4	173	19
Karlstad	80.7	30.9	12.6	88.3	98	21
Katrineholm	65.5	16.3	18.6	71.3	65	33
Kil	55.6	20.5	13.4	91.3	130	9
Kinda	79.5	18.0	12.2	84.9	57	15
Kiruna	74.3	17.6	9.1	72.6	449	11
Klippan	66.2	13.7	16.7	70.4	60	28
Knivsta	75.9	35.5	7.6	77.4	17	12
Kramfors	61.5	14.0	20.2	76.4	253	24
Kristianstad	70.7	23.4	17.0	83.3	86	31
Kristnehamn	62.0	18.3	19.6	83.6	63	24
Krokom	82.8	23.6	12.0	79.8	293	9
Kumla	71.0	17.7	14.0	78.8	17	18
Kungbacka	83.5	30.4	8.2	82.3	25	9
Kungsör	55.1	15.1	19.8	71.8	53	27
Kungälv	74.9	24.8	10.6	83.2	18	13
Kävlinge	86.9	3.0	10.4	83.2	22	11
Köping	72.1	15.2	17.1	72.0	33	32
Laholm	62.0	17.4	13.7	84.0	56	26
Landskrona	77.5	18.7	19.1	72.1	21	43
Laxå	61.1	11.2	17.6	56.0	47	32
Lekeberg	65.9	19.3	10.3	73.9	26	8
Leksand	74.6	21.0	11.6	71.1	117	15
Lerum	79.7	31.2	10.2	80.0	18	10
Lessebo	58.2	15.1	23.2	77.6	67	46
Lidingö	89.7	46.6	6.7	72.2	6	16
Lidköping	79.8	22.5	13.6	86.9	113	16
Lilla Edet	49.6	14.0	14.7	76.5	48	23
Lindesberg	60.9	14.7	16.6	74.8	35	29
Linköping	74.2	37.7	11.3	87.2	0	27
Ljungby	76.2	16.8	14.2	72.2	109	27
Ljusdal	72.4	13.0	18.4	58.3	141	14
Ljusnarberg	51.0	11.5	22.9	62.9	68	33
Lomma	93.0	49.3	6.5	89.1	9	10
Ludvika	65.8	19.0	19.1	63.4	98	30
Luleå	83.4	30.8	11.3	91.2	215	12
Lund	85.1	52.8	9.7	83.9	0	26
Lyckesele	80.8	18.0	17.8	82.9	115	20
Lysekil	69.3	19.0	15.5	88.9	71	23
Malmö	67.5	33.2	18.2	77.4	0	52
Malung-Sälen	80.8	12.8	12.9	62.9	217	17
Malå	70.0	13.5	14.8	84.1	168	15
Mariestad	76.1	19.0	14.9	77.1	155	18
Mark	75.2	17.6	13.7	75.0	48	17
Markaryd	61.3	12.0	17.5	77.3	151	36
Mellerud	60.8	14.5	19.3	65.7	114	38
Mjölby	64.2	18.4	14.3	84.4	31	17
Mora	68.8	19.7	12.5	71.2	176	11
Motala	73.5	17.4	19.7	78.9	36	24
Mullsjö	84.9	18.9	13.4	88.2	23	10
Munkedal	61.9	13.5	14.9	86.4	87	19
Munkfors	81.1	10.6	17.8	61.3	113	24
Mölndal	76.0	37.1	9.9	87.7	7	19
Mönsterås	61.0	15.5	17.4	74.4	42	30
Mörbylånga	86.2	25.6	11.3	87.5	15	10
Nacka	89.1	39.7	7.7	80.8	6	17
Nora	68.1	19.4	16.6	86.3	34	23
Norberg	52.6	11.9	16.9	40.3	61	32
Nordanstig	83.1	12.9	15.6	66.3	148	16
Nordmaling	67.1	14.9	16.5	77.6	47	13
Norrköping	73.5	23.5	18.2	73.1	0	30
Norrtälje	73.7	16.0	13.2	72.5	60	17
Norsjö	78.4	12.4	17.4	56.3	127	13
Nybro	69.3	15.9	17.7	79.2	29	28
Nykvarn	85.2	21.6	7.8	73.1	40	10
Nyköping	72.4	20.6	14.6	72.9	88	23
Nynäshamn	72.5	15.8	13.6	60.3	48	25
Nässjö	70.6	16.1	17.8	79.8	35	34
Ockelbo	78.8	13.2	22.1	66.7	33	25
Olofström	70.9	12.1	17.1	72.4	120	35
Orsa	72.9	15.1	15.4	81.0	186	21
Orust	68.5	17.9	12.1	85.1	56	12
Osby	60.1	15.4	17.0	75.0	106	27
Oskarshamn	79.5	17.1	14.9	80.6	67	24
Ovanåker	78.8	13.5	15.3	75.0	102	16
Oxelösund	55.0	13.1	19.0	72.8	54	28
Pajala	64.6	13.8	16.0	69.6	403	19
Partille	75.2	33.8	10.8	84.2	9	20
Perstorp	62.0	12.3	21.4	71.9	45	42
Piteå	86.0	21.9	14.7	91.1	176	8
Ragunda	60.7	11.6	18.0	55.3	210	17
Robertsfors	81.1	18.5	15.4	93.6	50	12
Ronneby	70.4	18.9	19.7	73.5	83	51
Rättvik	78.3	16.3	12.7	78.1	112	9
Sala	69.6	16.1	15.3	80.0	60	24
Salem	81.8	28.1	9.8	78.9	26	25
Sandviken	65.0	17.2	20.8	66.2	21	30
Sigtuna	83.8	20.1	10.8	77.0	38	43
Simrishamn	74.6	20.5	16.3	83.1	85	21
Sjöbo	69.7	15.7	12.8	66.9	44	13
Skara	73.1	18.6	17.0	74.3	115	29
Skellefteå	75.0	22.6	14.4	85.3	108	14
Skinnsskatteberg	64.7	11.8	16.0	71.4	54	30
Skurup	73.7	17.9	13.5	82.1	34	17
Skövde	77.9	25.8	12.3	81.6	134	22
Smedjebacken	76.3	13.9	13.9	73.6	112	14
Sollefteå	67.8	15.6	19.2	56.3	166	23
Sollentuna	86.6	40.7	9.0	76.3	14	30
Solna	76.2	46.0	6.9	78.9	9	31
Sorsele	63.3	15.5	13.6	65.6	231	15
Sotenäs	79.4	17.9	11.2	73.0	87	15
Staffanstorp	86.2	33.5	9.3	83.1	14	15
Stenungsund	75.6	24.0	10.2	84.0	41	13
Stockholm	81.7	41.8	9.6	78.6	0	32
Storfors	94.1	10.6	18.0	73.4	60	19
Storuman	57.9	15.3	15.4	69.4	207	12
Strängnäs	71.6	23.4	13.6	69.4	59	17
Strömstad	68.9	17.4	10.9	69.7	145	33
Strömsund	73.1	12.7	18.3	69.7	231	23
Sundbyberg	73.3	34.4	9.1	73.2	8	36
Sundsvall	66.9	24.4	13.6	76.6	191	15
Sunne	75.0	17.2	12.8	78.9	132	13
Surahammar	65.2	13.0	14.3	82.1	21	19
Svalöv	68.5	18.8	13.1	75.5	35	24
Svedala	75.7	24.4	10.0	88.0	18	14
Svenljunga	56.3	11.6	15.3	72.4	72	25
Säffle	76.2	14.1	20.0	71.7	131	25
Säter	70.8	17.4	11.9	73.7	85	9
Sävsjö	67.3	15.7	16.0	69.7	52	35
Söderhamn	72.5	14.1	22.0	63.9	70	27
Söderköping	82.0	19.6	13.2	83.5	15	7
Södetälje	73.6	19.8	17.0	66.3	29	55
Sölvesborg	62.4	17.4	15.6	81.9	110	16
Tanum	70.0	17.5	12.8	78.0	118	19
Tibro	79.5	15.1	17.9	76.1	112	26
Tidaholm	77.2	13.9	15.6	75.9	129	19
Tierp	62.8	14.1	16.8	81.3	55	19
Timrå	70.2	15.2	14.1	74.6	210	13
Tingsryd	72.0	22.6	17.5	72.5	86	24
Tjörn	80.4	22.6	9.9	87.5	60	12
Tomelilla	53.7	14.6	15.9	80.9	60	22
Torsby	74.1	14.5	13.8	74.1	157	18
Torsås	52.6	15.6	17.1	78.6	36	19
Tranemo	67.4	16.4	13.0	72.4	86	28
Tranås	74.1	14.8	17.1	83.5	56	25
Trellborg	75.0	16.4	14.5	81.6	27	22
Trollhättan	72.3	18.6	17.3	78.2	67	33
Trosa	76.6	24.1	9.5	79.5	56	17
Tyresö	79.2	19.5	9.4	75.7	13	17
Täby	89.1	44.5	6.4	75.8	13	15
Töreboda	59.8	13.9	20.0	72.3	168	28
Uddevalla	68.0	22.8	16.0	77.0	71	26
Ulricehamn	63.4	18.4	12.6	82.9	86	18
Umeå	81.4	39.1	10.7	90.1	0	14
Upplands Väsby	73.6	23.5	10.9	67.3	23	35
Upplands-Bro	79.8	22.4	10.7	69.6	25	35
Uppsala	77.7	41.3	11.2	82.4	0	26
Uppvidinge	60.2	12.3	16.0	70.0	69	40
Vadstena	84.9	18.3	16.7	95.2	43	12
Vaggeryd	70.4	18.1	10.7	80.5	32	22
Valdemarsvik	59.3	12.8	16.0	76.3	49	28
Vallentuna	83.2	28.9	8.1	75.3	23	14
Vansbro	63.9	11.4	13.1	55.4	160	16
Vara	73.8	13.5	16.0	79.7	85	15
Varberg	81.5	23.0	10.5	85.2	69	14
Vaxholm	91.8	36.0	7.1	79.6	17	8
Vellinge	90.4	34.8	7.4	84.1	15	11
Vetlanda	63.4	14.9	14.2	72.0	68	27
Vilhelmina	81.3	13.8	18.5	57.8	196	14
Vimmerby	77.3	14.2	14.9	70.5	104	24
Vindeln	69.8	16.9	14.9	72.2	50	16
Vingåker	44.7	12.8	19.6	69.8	46	33
Vårgårda	71.3	17.1	13.9	83.9	61	20
Vänersborg	67.9	22.4	17.3	76.7	78	28
Vännäs	65.3	23.1	15.1	91.6	30	10
Värmdö	85.7	26.4	7.8	72.8	29	11
Värnamo	71.6	17.8	12.0	76.8	67	29
Västervik	77.9	18.3	17.1	73.6	96	20
Västerås	73.6	28.2	15.3	76.5	0	31
Växjö	74.5	30.3	13.2	80.7	98	28
Ydre	80.0	16.2	12.7	77.8	64	17
Ystad	86.5	23.4	13.2	85.8	55	14
Åmål	72.4	16.2	21.1	80.3	155	29
Ånge	67.4	12.7	17.2	68.7	273	13
Åre	65.4	21.6	11.2	62.3	370	16
Årjäng	80.0	11.8	11.9	61.5	175	25
Åsele	79.4	14.7	18.5	73.5	147	20
Åtvidaberg	75.8	15.7	11.9	83.0	32	11
Älmhult	72.0	24.3	12.6	61.6	137	20
Älvdalen	91.8	12.4	12.5	70.4	431	11
Älvkarleby	67.3	14.7	18.0	78.3	21	21
Älvsbyn	96.3	13.2	15.8	74.4	209	21
Ängelholm	75.6	22.2	12.6	86.6	25	18
Öckerö	88.2	23.8	9.8	86.0	19	8
Ödeshög	69.2	14.0	14.1	79.6	60	19
Örebro	74.3	29.0	13.5	82.1	0	31
Örkelljunga	57.4	13.4	16.0	68.9	177	26
Östersund	81.4	28.3	13.3	75.6	289	13
Örnsköldsvik	77.0	22.3	15.5	86.4	97	14
Österåker	84.0	26.5	8.3	69.8	21	17
Östhammar	65.3	14.0	11.7	74.2	60	9
Östra Göinge	65.8	13.7	21.4	76.4	105	36
Överkalix	73.3	13.1	16.2	58.3	304	23
Övertorneå	73.5	15.2	18.6	73.6	327	27

Table 2. Sweden’s major cities.

City	Population
Stockholm	974,073
Göteborg	579,281
Malmö	344,166
Uppsala	230,767
Linköping	163,051
Örebro	155,696
Västerås	154,049
Helsingborg	147,734
Norrköping	143,171
Jönköping	141,081
Umeå	128,901
Lund	124,935
Borås	113,179
Eskilstuna	106,859
Gävle	102,418
Kalmar	69,467

Source: scb.se.

Table 3. GAS in relation to education, welfare, and demography (OLS).

	Unstandardized coefficients	Standardized beta coefficients	Standard error
Highly-educated individuals (%)	.314*	.301	.076
Welfare recipients (%)	−.602*	−.248	.181
Non-natives (%)	−2.393*	−.226	.562
Observations:	288	288

Notes: R²: .380. Significance level: *p < 0.0001.

Table 4. High- and low-performing municipalities.

Municipality	GAS (%)	NTR points
Borlänge	58.3	10.8
Hylte	54.3	8.9
Flen	56.4	10.5
Lessebo	58.2	10.6
Lilla Edet	49.6	10.6
Norberg	52.6	11.2
Storuman	57.9	9.2
Svenljunga	56.3	10.9
Tomelilla	53.7	11.2
Vingåker	44.7	9.1
Danderyd	93.2	16.0
Lidingö	89.7	14.3
Sollentuna	86.6	13.5
Storfors	94.1	12.7
Vaxholm	91.8	14.6
Vellinge	90.4	13.4
Täby	89.1	13.9
Öckerö	88.2	13.0

Table 5. Case study 1 (OLS).

	Unstandardized coefficients	Standardized beta coefficients	Standard error
Non-natives	.087*	−.270	.169
Highly educated individuals	.010**	.524	.018
Distance	−1.42*	−.348	.050
Observations	18	18

Notes: Adjusted R²: .856. Significance levels: *p < 0.01 **p < 0.05.