Educational attainment in Swedish (L1) and English (L2) for students with reading difficulties: a longitudinal case study from primary to the end of secondary school

Figures & data

Table 1. Descriptives for word reading and reading comprehension in Grade 2.

Measures	TRD (n = 42)		WRD (n = 20)		RCD (n = 13)		Mixed (n = 12)		Total (n = 87)
	M (SD)	Min/Max	M (SD)	Min/Max	M (SD)	Min/Max	M (SD)	Min/Max	M (SD)
Word reading
z-score	.51 (.87)	-.43/3.1	-.98 (.29)	−1.7/-.71	.16 (.74)	-.43/2.3	−1.1 (.33)	−1.9/-.71	-.11 (1.0)
Points	18.5 (6.1)		8.1 (2.0)		16.2 (5.2)		7.0 (2.3)		14.2 (7.0)
Reading comprehension
z-score	.62 (.66)	-.27/2.2	.37 (.58)	-.27/1.4	−1.1 (.32)	−1.9/-.83	−1.6 (.49)	−2.2/-.83	-.00 (1.0)
Points	12.2 (2.4)		11.3 (2.1)		6.0 (1.2)		4.2 (1.8)		9.9 (3.7)

Note. TRD = Typical reading development; WRD = Word reading difficulties; RCD = Reading comprehension difficulties; Mixed = RCD + WRD.

Table 2. Distribution of grades in the National assessment tests (NAT) in Swedish and English compared to national attainment levels.

NAT in Grade 9	All participants n = 87			National Statistics
		%			%
	F	D E	C B A	F	D E	C B A
Swedish
Oral communication	0	40	60	3	31	66
Comprehension	13	41	46	10	32	58
Writing	19	53	28	16	39	45
Comprehensive grade	2	61	37	6	41	53
English
Oral communication	0	28	72	2	27	71
Comprehension	5	37	58	5	13	72
Writing	2	48	50	4	31	65
Comprehensive grade	1	36	63	3	25	72

Table 3. Distribution of grades in the National assessment tests (NAT) in Swedish and English across reading profiles identified in Grade 2.

NAT in Grade 9	TRD n = 42			WRD n = 20			RCD n = 13			Mixed n = 12
		n (%)			n (%)			n (%)			n (%)
	F	D E	C B A	F	D E	C B A	F	D E	C B A	F	D E	C B A
Swedish
Oral communication	0 (0)	14 (33)	28 (67)	0 (0)	7 (35)	13 (65)	0 (0)	8 (62)	5 (38)	0 (0)	6 (50)	6 (50)
Comprehension	4 (9)	13 (31)	25 (60)	1 (5)	11 (55)	8 (40)	4 (31)	6 (46)	3 (23)	2 (17)	6 (50)	4 (33)
Writing	6 (14)	18 (43)	18 (43)	6 (30)	11 (55)	3 (15)	2 (15)	8 (62)	3 (23)	3 (25)	9 (75)	0 (0)
Comprehensive grade	0 (0)	21 (50)	21 (50)	0 (0)	14 (70)	6 (30)	2 (15)	8 (62)	3 (23)	0 (0)	10 (83)	2 (17)
English
Oral communication	0 (0)	7 (17)	35 (83)	0 (0)	4 (20)	16 (80)	0 (0)	9 (69)	4 (31)	0 (0)	4 (33)	8 (67)
Comprehension	1 (2)	9 (21)	32 (76)	0 (0)	7 (35)	13 (65)	1 (8)	10 (77)	2 (15)	2 (17)	6 (50)	4 (33)
Writing	0 (0)	14 (33)	28 (67)	1 (5)	8 (40)	11 (55)	1 (8)	12 (92)	0 (0)	0 (0)	8 (67)	4 (33)
Comprehensive grade	0 (0)	8 (19)	34 (81)	0 (0)	6 (30)	14 (70)	1 (8)	10 (77)	2 (15)	0 (0)	7 (58)	5 (42)

Note. TRD = Typical reading development; WRD = Word reading difficulties; RCD = Reading comprehension difficulties; Mixed = RCD + WRD.

Table 4. Swedish comprehensive scores.

Predictor	Model 1			Model 2			Model 3			Model 4
	Grade 2:			Grade 2:			Gr 6 NAT:			Gr 2 TRD vs Non TRD +
	TRD vs Non TRD			Reader subgroups			Including gender/dob			Gr 6 NAT
	B	SE	OR	B	SE	OR	B	SE	OR	B	SE	OR
TRD	−1.07**	0.50	0.35							−0.20	0.58	0.82
WRD				0.62	0.63	1.85
RCD				1.56*	0.80	4.76
Mixed				1.33	0.88	3.79
Gr 6 NAT							−0.48***	0.12	0.62	−0.49***	0.13	0.61
Gender	−1.75**	0.54	0.17	−1.84**	0.57	0.16	−1.19**	0.60	0.30
Dob/2nd half	0.91*	0.53	2.47	0.97*	0.55	2.64	0.96	0.59	2.62
Constant	1.71***	0.50		0.67	0.49		7.16***	1.70		7.27***	1.66
N	87			87			87			87
r2_p	0.17			0.18			0.33			0.28
Ll	−47.75			−47.11			−38.40			−41.40
Aic	103.50			106.20			84.80			88.80
Bic	113..40			121.00			94.66			96.20

Table 5. Swedish comprehension scores.

Predictor	Model 1			Model 2			Model 3			Model 4
	Grade 2:			Grade 2:			Gr 6 NAT:			Gr 2 TRD vs Non TRD +
	TRD vs Non TRD			Reader subgroups			Including gender/dob			Gr 6 NAT
	B	SE	OR	B	SE	OR	B	SE	OR	B	SE	OR
TRD	−1.02**	0.45	0.36							−0.30**	0.53	0.74
WRD				0.68	0.57	1.98
RCD				1.67**	0.74	5.28
Mixed				0.94	0.70	2.56
Gr 6 NAT							−0.25**	0.08	0.78	−0.22**	0.08	0.81
Gender	−0.55	0.46	0.58	−0.65	0.48	0.52	−0.64	0.49	0.53
Dob/2nd half	0.24	0.47	1.27	0.29	0.47	1.34	0.32	0.49	1.38
Constant	0.85**	0.41		−0.14	0.44		3.87***	1.17		3,41**	1.11
N	87			87			87			87
r2_p	0.06			0.08			0.14			0.13
Ll	−56.24			−55.48			−51.63			−52.44
Aic	120.50			123.00			111.30			110.90
Bic	130.30			137.80			121.10			118.30

Table 6. Swedish oral communication scores.

Predictor	Model 1			Model 2			Model 3			Model 4
	Grade 2:			Grade 2:			Gr 6 NAT:			Gr 2 TRD vs Non TRD +
	TRD vs Non TRD			Reader subgroups			Including gender/dob			Gr 6 NAT
	B	SE	OR	B	SE	OR	B	SE	OR	B	SE	OR
TRD	−0.37	0.49	0.69							−0.03	0.52	0.97
WRD				−0.38	0.65	0.69
RCD				1.57**	0.76	4.81
Mixed				0.24	0.75	1.28
Gr 6 NAT							−0.13**	0.07	0.88	−0.12*	0.06	0.88
Gender	−1.86***	0.51	0.16	−2.20***	0.57	0.11	−1.92***	0.52	0.15
Dob/2nd half	0.14	0.51	1.15	0.24	0.53	1.27	0.12	0.52	1.13
Constant	0.59	0.41		0.34	0.48		2.30**	1.00		1.33	0.83
N	87			87			87			87
r2_p	0.15			0.19			0.18			0.05
Ll	−50.11			−47.44			−47.94			−55.76
Aic	108.20			106.90			103.90			117.50
Bic	118.10			121.70			113.70			124.90

Table 7. Swedish writing scores.

Predictor	Model 1			Model 2			Model 3			Model 4
	Grade 2:			Grade 2:			Gr 6 NAT:			Gr 2 TRD vs Non TRD +
	TRD vs Non TRD			Reader subgroups			Including gender/dob			Gr 6 NAT
	B	SE	OR	B	SE	OR	B	SE	OR	B	SE	OR
TRD	−1.51**	0.57	0.22							−0.96	0.61	0.38
WRD				1.28*	0.73	3.61
RCD				1.07	0.77	2.90
Mixed				0	(.)	1.00
Gr 6 NAT							−0.25**	0.09	0.78	−0.18**	0.09	0.84
Gender	−1.66**	0.60	0.19	−1.60**	0.61	0.20	−1.77**	0.61	0.17
Dob/2nd half	0.22	0.55	1.25	0.16	0.56	1.17	0.28	0.57	1.33
Constant	2.76***	0.64		1.23**	0.56		5.68***	1.48		4.19**	1.34
N	87			75			87			87
r2_p	0.18			0.15			0.21			0.14
Ll	−41.91			−40.18			−40.48			−44.12
Aic	91.83			90.36			88.97			94.24
Bic	101.70			102.00			98.83			101.60

Table 8. English comprehensive scores.

Predictor	Model 1			Model 2			Model 3			Model 4
	Grade 2:			Grade 2:			Gr 6 NAT:			Gr 2 TRD vs Non TRD +
	TRD vs Non TRD			Reader subgroups			Including gender/dob			Gr 6 NAT
	B	SE	OR	B	SE	OR	B	SE	OR	B	SE	OR
TRD	−1.61**	0.50	0.20							0.30	0.72	1.35
WRD				0.59	0.64	1.81
RCD				3.15***	0.86	23.27
Mixed				1.77**	0.72	5.87
Gr 6 NAT							−0.67***	0.14	0.51	−0.70***	0.16	0.50
Gender	0.18	0.49	1.19	−0.05	0.54	0.96	−0.09	0.65	0.91
Dob/2nd half	−0.21	0.49	0.81	−0.11	0.53	0.89	−0.09	0.66	0.92
Constant	0.14	0.40		−1.37**	0.52		8.61***	1.98		8.78***	2.04
N	87			87			87			87
r2_p	0.10			0.19			0.44			0.44
Ll	−51.41			−46.37			−31.89			−31.82
Aic	110.80			104.70			71.77			69.65
Bic	120.70			119.50			81.64			77.05

Table 9. English comprehension scores.

Predictor	Model 1			Model 2			Model 3			Model 4
	Grade 2:			Grade 2:			Gr 6 NAT:			Gr 2 TRD vs Non TRD +
	TRD vs Non TRD			Reader subgroups			Including gender/dob			Gr 6 NAT
	B	SE	OR	B	SE	OR	B	SE	OR	B	SE	OR
TRD	−1.59**	0.49	0.20							0.49	0.72	1.64
WRD				0.65	0.61	1.92
RCD				2.89***	0.86	17.93
Mixed				2.01**	0.74	7.45
Gr 6 NAT							−0.70***	0.15	0.50	−0.75***	0.17	0.48
Gender	0.61	0.50	1.84	0.51	0.53	1.66	0.66	0.65	1.94
Dob/2nd half	−0.24	0.48	0.79	−0.17	0.51	0.84	−0.01	0.67	0.99
Constant	0.15	0.40		−1.41**	0.52		8.94***	2.03		9.70***	2.16
N	87			87			87			87
r2_p	0.10			0.17			0.46			0.46
Ll	−52.89			−48.74			−31.68			−31.98
Aic	113.80			109.50			71.36			69.96
Bic	123.60			124.30			81.22			77.36

Table 10. English oral communication scores.

Predictor	Model 1			Model 2			Model 3			Model 4
	Grade 2:			Grade 2:			Gr 6 NAT:			Gr 2 TRD vs Non TRD +
	TRD vs Non TRD			Reader subgroups			Including gender/dob			Gr 6 NAT
	B	SE	OR	B	SE	OR	B	SE	OR	B	SE	OR
TRD	−1.06**	0.52	0.35							0.87	0.76	2.39
WRD				0.08	0.71	1.08
RCD				2.51***	0.75	12.25
Mixed				0.73	0.76	2.08
Gr 6 NAT							−0.51***	0.13	0.60	−0.58***	0.15	0.56
Gender	−0.38	0.51	0.69	−0.76	0.58	0.47	−0.64	0.65	0.53
Dob/2nd half	−0.26	0.52	0.77	−0.16	0.56	0.85	−0.37	0.66	0.69
Constant	−0.23	0.41		−1.14**	0.53		6.20***	1.75		6.28***	1.79
N	87			87			87			87
r2_p	0.06			0.15			0.36			0.35
Ll	−48.26			−43.52			−33.05			−33.22
Aic	104.50			99.04			74.10			72.43
Bic	114.40			113.80			83.97			79.83

Table 11. English writing scores.

Predictor	Model 1			Model 2			Model 3			Model 4
	Grade 2:			Grade 2:			Gr 6 NAT:			Gr 2 TRD vs Non TRD +
	TRD vs Non TRD			Reader subgroups			Including gender/dob			Gr 6 NAT
	B	SE	OR	B	SE	OR	B	SE	OR	B	SE	OR
TRD	−1.34**	0.46	0.26							0.04	0.60	1.04
WRD				0.32	0.58	1.38
RCD				0	(.)	1.00
Mixed				1.21*	0.72	3.34
Gr 6 NAT							−0.57***	0.13	0.57	−0.50***	0.12	0.60
Gender	−0.64	0.47	0.53	−1.07**	0.54	0.35	−1.15*	0.60	0.32
Dob/2nd half	0.34	0.48	1.41	0.60	0.53	1.82	0.80	0.60	2.23
Constant	0.85**	0.42		−0.38	0.46		8.41***	1.88		7.23***	1.66
N	87			87			87			87
r2_p	0.10			0.09			0.37			0.33
Ll	−54.36			−45.88			−38.25			−40.73
Aic	116.70			101.80			84.50			87.46
Bic	126.60			113.30			94.37			94.86