School Performance and Behaviour Profiles Among Finnish Adolescents, and Their Relations with Temperament Traits: A Person-centred Approach

Figures & data

Table 1. Descriptive statistics and correlations for study variables.

Variable	N	M	SD	1	2	3	4	5	6	7	8
1. Grades L1^a	1143	7.79	1.12	—
2. Grades behaviour	1045	8.45	1.06	.55**	—
3. L1 test-results	1073	−.01	.85	.58**	.32**	—
4. Mood	876	3.80	0.77	.05	.02	.04*	—
5. Distractibility	866	3.10	.62	−.14**	−.11**	−.08*	−.23**	—
6. Perseverance	865	3.27	.56	.24**	.21**	.24**	.26**	−.52**	—
7. Impulsivity	857	2.40	.63	−.29**	−.29	−.24**	−.16**	.26**	−.47**	—
8. Gender^b	1148	1.50	.50	.43**	.31**	.15**	−.16**	.09**	−.07*	−.13**	—
Cronbach’s alpha				–	–	.72	.74	.66	.56	.61	–

^a L1 = First language, Swedish.

^b 1 = boy and 2 = girl.

*p < .05. **p < .01.

Table 2. Information criterion values for different class solutions.

Number of groups	BIC	VMLR	Entropy	Group sizes
1	5809.971			1149
2	5663.178	.0000	.671	926, 223
3	5645.940	.0283	.732	919, 188, 42
4	5636.817	.0006	.694	711, 347, 52, 39
5	5655.601	.6548	.591	494, 359, 211, 47, 38

Table 3. Mean comparisons in grades, reading, and temperament traits between performance and behaviour groups.

	LD-profile			BD-profile			TYP-profile
	n	M	SD	n	M	SD	n	M	SD	F (dfb, dfw) = F-value	p-value	${\eta }_p^2$
Grades L1	184	6.76	.94	42	6.10	.85	915	8.07	.96	F (2, 1138) = 214.51	<.001	.27
LD-profile					d = .72			d = 1.38
BD-profile								d = 2.06
Grades behaviour	167	7.70	.75	42	5.71	.60	836	8.73	.84	F (2, 1042) = 354.79	<.001	.36
LD-profile					d = 2.76			d = 1.25
BD-profile								d = 3.63
LS	175	−1.35	.57	32	−.38	.64	866	.28	.60	F (2, 1070) = 553.71	<.001	.51
LD-profile					d = 1.66			d = 2.75
BD-profile								d = 1.11
Mood	127	3.71^a	.77	22	4.08^a	.82	725	3.80^a	.77	F (2, 871) = 2.30	=.10	. 01
LD-profile					d = .47			d = .12
BD-profile								d = .36
Distractibility	122	3.21^a	.59	21	3.16^a	.61	721	3.08^a	.62	F (2, 861) = 2.27	=.10	. 01
LD-profile					d = .08			d = .20
BD-profile								d = .13
Perseverance	127	3.01^a	.51	22	3.15^ab	.60	714	3.32^b	.56	F (2, 860) = 17.41	<.001	.04
LD-profile					d = .27			d = .56
BD-profile								d = .30
Impulsivity	125	2.68^a	.61	21	2.95^a	.74	710	2.33	.61	F (2, 853) = 26.31	<.001	.06
LD-profile					d = .43			d = .58
BD-profile								d = 1.01

Note: ^aGroup means within a row sharing the same superscripts are not significantly different at the p < .05 level with Scheffe’s post-hoc test.

LD-profile: learning difficulties group; BD-profile: behaviour difficulties group; TYP-profile: typical group.