Seaweed breeding programs and progress in eastern Asian countries

Figures & data

Table 1. Production and value of farmed seaweed species in Korea in 2017.

Species	Production (M/T, FW)	Value (1,000 US$)
Undaria pinnatifida	622,613 (35.5%)	101,076 (11.8%)
Saccharina japonica	542,285 (30.9%)	88,320 (10.3%)
Pyropia spp.	517,546 (29.5%)	608,429 (71.1%)
Sargassum fusiforme	54,624 (3.1%)	28,724 (3.4%)
Ulva spp.	6,358 (0.4%)	6,422 (0.8%)
Capsosiphon fulvescens	6,280 (0.4%)	19,395 (2.3%)
Codium fragile	3,980 (0.2%)	2,048 (0.2%)
Gracilaria spp.	1,634 (0.1%)	457 (0.1%)
Sargassum fulvellum	301 (0.02%)	695 (0.1%)
Other species	5 (0.0%)	4 (0.001%)
Sum	1,755,626	855,569

Data from the Ministry of Oceans and Fisheries (2018)

FW, fresh weight.

Table 2. List of registered seaweed cultivars in Korea (2012–2018).

Genera	Species	Registration No.	Selected (S), Hybrid (H) or Mutation (M)	Name of Cultivar	Year
Pyropia	P. yezoensis	APVP-1	S	Pulmunoeul	2014
		APVP-6	S	Haepoong No. 1	2015
		APVP-7	S	Pulmuhaesim	2015
		APVP-8	S	Sugwawon No. 104	2015
		APVP-11	S	Sugwawon No. 105	2017
		APVP-13	M	Jeonsu No. 1	2017
		APVP-15	S	Sugwawon No. 108	2018
	P. seriata	APVP-12	S	Haemodol No. 1	2017
		APVP-14	S	Shinpoong No. 1	2018
Undaria	U. pinnatifida	APVP-2	S	Sugwawon haeorum	2014
		APVP-3	S	Sugwawon bibari	2014
		APVP-4	S	Sugwawon cheonghae	2014
		APVP-9	S	Sugwawon No. 201	2015
		APVP-10	H	Sugwawon No. 202	2016
Saccharina	S. japonica	APVP-5	S	Jeongwan No. 1	2014

http://nifs.go.kr/apvc/index.ap

Table 3. List of cultivars of Pyropia registered with the ministry of agriculture, forestry and Fisheries, Japan.

Species	Cultivar	Applicant/Holder of breeder’s right	Cultivar feature
Pyropia tenera	Siawase No. 1	Kyowa Hakko Kogyo, Ltd.	Strong resistance to Olpidiopsis disease (compared to Ariake No. 1)
Pyropia yezoensis	Susabi Midorime	National Federation of Nori and Clams Fisheries Cooperatives	Bright green or brown green thallus and filaments
	Gyoukou	National Federation of Nori and Clams Fisheries Cooperatives	Black purple thallus, and extremely low fertility (compared to Susabi Midorime)
	Asagumo	Laver Cultivation Promotion	Thin blade centre, and low area ratio of maturation site (compared to Gyoukou)
	Fukuoka Ariake No. 1	Fukuoka Prefecture	High adaptability to high water temperature (compared to Asagumo), High adaptability to elevated water temperature, and strong resistance to washing (compared to P. yezoensis f. narawaensis)
	Ayuchi Kurokichi	Aich Prefecture, Aichi Federation of Fisheries Cooperative Associations	Linear oblanceolate blade, and high production of monospore germlings (compared to U-51)
	Hyogo Harima Kunkoku	Hyogo Federation of Fisheries Cooperative Associations, Hyogo Prefecture	Black purple thallus (compared to U-51)
	Shin-Saga No. 4	Saga Prefecture, Saga Prefecture Fishery Cooperative Federation	High adaptability to water temperature (compared to U-51)
	Chiba-no-Kagayaki	Chiba Prefecture	High adaptability to water temperature (compared to Narawa Hosoba (KN)), Maximal blade length, and high adaptability to water temperature (compared to U-51)
	Fukuari	Fukuoka Ariake Sea Federation of Fisheries Cooperative Associations	Wide adaptability to salinity (compared to U-51)
	Mie-no-Akari	Mie Prefecture	High adaptability to water temperature (compared to U-51)
	TK-2P	Kagawa Federation of Fisheries Cooperative Associations, Kagawa Prefecture	Fairly-low production of monospore germling, with some adaptability to water temperature (compared to U-51)
Pyropia tenera x Pyropia yezoensis	TGA	Laver Cultivation Promotion	Moderate monospore production (compared to Asagumo)

Table 4. Biomass, area and provinces of principal seaweed species farmed in China in 2016.

Species	Biomass (DW in tons)	Area (ha.)	Provinces
Saccharina japonica	1,461,508	44,398	6
Pyropia haitanensis & P. yezoensis	135,252	72,977	5
Undaria pinnatifida	152,572	7274	5
Gracilariopsis lemaneiformis	293,179	9918	5
Hizikia fusiformis	18,991	1231	4
Eucheuma denticulatum	5,114	425	2
total	2,066,166	136,223

Table 5. Species and biomass production (DW, tons) in different provinces in China.

Provinces	Saccharina japonica	Pyropia haitanensis	Pyropia yezoensis	Undaria pinnatifida	Gracilariopsis lemaneiformis	Eucheuma denticulatum	Hizikia fusiformis
Liaoning	218,704	–	–	106,855	–	–	–
Shandong	533,439	–	972	43,961	51,996	–	4000
Jiangsu	300	–	28,405	4	–	–	–
Zhejiang	10,363	32,178	–	–	635	–	9255
Fujian	693,533	66,440	–	–	173,233	–	5511
Guangdong	4719	7257	–	1029	–	–	225
Hainan	–	–	–	–	11,814	3114	–

Table 6. The principal uses of farmed seaweed biomass in China.

Uses	Saccharina japonica	Pyropia haitanensis	Pyropia yezoensis	Undaria pinnatifida	Gracilariopsis lemaneiformis	Eucheuma denticulatum	Hizikia fusiformis
Human food	＞80%	100%	100%	100%	< 1%	< 5%	100%
Phycocolloid industry	< 5%	–	–	–	50%	＞95%	–
Animal feed	10–15%	–	–	–	50%	–	–

Table 7. The origins of the farmed species of seaweeds in China.

Species	Native or introduced	Origin
Saccharina japonica	Introduced (1927)	Japan, Russia, North Korea
Pyropia haitanensis & P. yezoensis	Native	China
Undaria pinnatifida	Native/introduced	Japan, Russia, Korea
Gracilariopsis lemaneiformis	Native	China
Hizikia fusiformis	Native	China
Eucheuma denticulatum	Native	China

Table 8. Certified cultivars of seaweed varieties in China (1997–2018).

Genera	Species	Selected (S) or Hybrid (H)	Name of Cultivar	Year
Saccharina	S. japonica	S	901	1997
		H	Dongfang No.2	2004
		H	Dongfang No.3	2007
		H	Dongfang No.6	2013
		S	Dongfang No.7	2014
		H	Rongfu	2004
		S	Ailunwan	2010
		S	Huangguan No.1	2011
		S	Sanhai	2012
		S	205	2014
Pyropia	P. haitanensis	S	SF No.1	2009
		S	MF No.1	2012
		S	SF No.2	2013
		S	ZD No.1	2014
	P. yezoensis	S	ST No.1	2013
		S	ST No.2	2014
Undaria	U. pinnatifida	S	HaiBao No.1	2013
		S	HaiBao No.2	2014

Ministry of Oceans & Fisheries. 2018. Fisheries statistics. https://portal.fips.go.kr searched on 25 July 2018. [in Korean]

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