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Research Article

Multimorbid life expectancy across race, socio-economic status, and sex in South Africa

ORCID Icon, ORCID Icon, ORCID Icon & ORCID Icon
Received 16 Jun 2023, Accepted 01 Feb 2024, Published online: 16 May 2024

Figures & data

Figure 1 State space of the Markov model

Source: Authors’ own.

Figure 1 State space of the Markov modelSource: Authors’ own.

Table 1 Baseline socio-demographic characteristics and distribution of transitions between states of the analytic sample, by sex and overall: South Africa, 2008–17

Figure 2 Baseline prevalence (in percentages) of each disease included in our definition of multimorbidity: males and females, South Africa, 2008–17

Source: Authors’ analysis of data from South African National Income Dynamics Study (2008–17).

Figure 2 Baseline prevalence (in percentages) of each disease included in our definition of multimorbidity: males and females, South Africa, 2008–17Source: Authors’ analysis of data from South African National Income Dynamics Study (2008–17).

Figure 3 Probabilities of remaining in the same state or transitioning to a subsequent state by age: males and females, South Africa, 2008–17

Source: As for .

Figure 3 Probabilities of remaining in the same state or transitioning to a subsequent state by age: males and females, South Africa, 2008–17Source: As for Figure 2.

Table 2 Weighted life expectancy at age 20, multimorbid life expectancy, and percentage of life expectancy spent with multimorbidity: South Africa, 2008–17

Figure 4 Weighted life expectancy from age 20 split by time spent in each state, overall and for each race and education group: males and females, South Africa, 2008–17

Note: Estimates are obtained from Models 1, 2, and 3, Table 2. Shaded bars show percentages of remaining life expectancy in each state; total weighted life expectancy in years is shown at the end of each bar.

Source: As for .

Figure 4 Weighted life expectancy from age 20 split by time spent in each state, overall and for each race and education group: males and females, South Africa, 2008–17Note: Estimates are obtained from Models 1, 2, and 3, Table 2. Shaded bars show percentages of remaining life expectancy in each state; total weighted life expectancy in years is shown at the end of each bar.Source: As for Figure 2.

Figure 5 Weighted life expectancy from age 20 split by time spent in each state, overall and for each interacted race and dichotomized education group: males and females, South Africa, 2008–17

Notes: Estimates are obtained from Model 4, . Less than SS = less than secondary school; SS or more = secondary school or post-secondary education. Shaded bars show percentages of remaining life expectancy in each state; total weighted life expectancy in years is shown at the end of each bar.

Source: As for .

Figure 5 Weighted life expectancy from age 20 split by time spent in each state, overall and for each interacted race and dichotomized education group: males and females, South Africa, 2008–17Notes: Estimates are obtained from Model 4, Table 2. Less than SS = less than secondary school; SS or more = secondary school or post-secondary education. Shaded bars show percentages of remaining life expectancy in each state; total weighted life expectancy in years is shown at the end of each bar.Source: As for Figure 2.

Figure A1 Males: probabilities of remaining in the same origin disease state or transitioning to a subsequent disease state or death over time, by race

Source: Authors’ analysis of data from South African National Income Dynamics Study (2008–17).

Figure A1 Males: probabilities of remaining in the same origin disease state or transitioning to a subsequent disease state or death over time, by raceSource: Authors’ analysis of data from South African National Income Dynamics Study (2008–17).

Figure A2 Females: probabilities of remaining in the same origin disease state or transitioning to a subsequent disease state or death over time, by race

Source: As for Figure A1.

Figure A2 Females: probabilities of remaining in the same origin disease state or transitioning to a subsequent disease state or death over time, by raceSource: As for Figure A1.

Figure A3 Probabilities of remaining in the same origin disease state or transitioning to a subsequent disease state or death over time, by sex and education

Note: For the transitions from multimorbidity to multimorbidity and from multimorbidity to death, the lines for ‘Less than secondary school’ overlap almost exactly with those for ‘Secondary school’.

Source: As for Figure A1.

Figure A3 Probabilities of remaining in the same origin disease state or transitioning to a subsequent disease state or death over time, by sex and educationNote: For the transitions from multimorbidity to multimorbidity and from multimorbidity to death, the lines for ‘Less than secondary school’ overlap almost exactly with those for ‘Secondary school’.Source: As for Figure A1.
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