Central sensitization syndrome in patients with rotator cuff tear: prevalence and associated factors

Figures & data

Figure 1. Patient selection flowchart.

Table 1. Clinical characteristics of the study population.

N = 404	Value
Age, y	58.22 ± 12.76
18–40	15（3.71%）
41–50	74（18.31%）
51–60	162（40.10%）
61–70	95（23.51%）
＞70	58（14.36%）
Gender
Male	161 (39.85%)
Female	243 (60.14%)
Affected shoulder
Right	230 (56.93%)
Left	174 (43.07%)
BMI, kg/m2	23.43 ± 4.96
＜18.5	28 (6.93%)
18.5–24.9	184 (45.54%)
25.1–29.9	156 (38.61%)
＞30	36 (8.91%)
Duration of symptoms, m	7.23 ± 3.48
≤6 months	182 (45.05%)
＞6 months	222 (54.95%)
Occupation
Physical laborers	210 (51.98%)
Non-physical laborers	194 (48.02%)
Smoke status
Smoker	165 (40.84%)
Non-smoker	239 (59.16%)
Rotator cuff tear size, cm
＜1 cm	93 (23.03%)
1-3 cm	198 (49.00%)
3-5 cm	85 (21.04%)
＞5 cm	28 (6.93%)
Subscapularis type
Complete	352 (87.13%)
Torn	52 (12.87%)
LHB type
Normal	234 (57.92%)
Abnormal	170 (42.08%)
Shoulder stiffness
Stiff	154 (38.12%)
Non-stiff	250 (61.88%)

Table 2. Central Sensitization Inventory (CSI) results.

N = 404	Value
CSI part A	26.88 ± 18.34
＜40	245（60.64%）
≥40	159（39.36%）
CSI part B
Restless leg syndrome	8 (1.98%)
Chronic fatigue syndrome	14 (3.47%)
Fibromyalgia	24 (5.94%)
Temporomandibular joint disorder	7 (1.73%)
Migraine or tension headaches	28 (6.93%)
Irritable bowel syndrome	11 (2.72%)
Multiple chemical sensitivities	5 (1.24%)
Neck injury (including whiplash)	12 (2.97%)
Anxiety or panic attacks	53 (13.12%)
Depression	43 (10.64%)

Table 3. Clinical characteristics comparisons between the CSS group and the non-CSS group.

	CSS group (N = 159)	Non-CSS group (N = 245)	P value
Age, y	57.78 ± 13.07	59.02 ± 12.83	0.43
18–40	1 (0.63%)	14 (5.71%)	＜0.01
41–50	15 (9.43%)	59 (24.08%)
51–60	96 (60.38%)	66 (26.94%)
61–70	35 (22.01%)	60 (24.49%)
＞70	12 (7.54%)	46 (18.78%)
Gender
Male	28 (17.61%)	133 (54.29%)	＜0.01
Female	131 (82.39%)	112 (45.71%)
Affected shoulder
Right	91 (57.23%)	139 (56.73%)	0.06
Left	68 (42.77%)	106 (43.27%)
BMI, kg/m2	23.62 ± 5.02	23.18 ± 4.92	0.86
＜18.5	10 (6.29%)	18 (7.35%)	0.69
18.5–24.9	71 (44.65%)	113 (46.12%)
25.1–29.9	64 (40.25%)	92 (37.55%)
＞30	14 (8.81%)	22 (8.98%)
Duration of symptoms, m	8.53 ± 4.13	4.75 ± 2.64	＜0.01
≤6 months	46 (28.93%)	136 (55.51%)	＜0.01
＞6 months	113 (71.07%)	109 (44.49%)
Occupation
Physical laborers	42 (26.42%)	168 (68.57%)	＜0.01
Non-physical laborers	117 (73.58%)	77 (31.43%)
Smoke status
Smoker	66 (41.51%)	99 (40.41%)	0.67
Non-smoker	93 (58.49%)	146 (59.59%)
Rotator cuff tear size, cm			0.59
＜1 cm	39 (24.53%)	54 (22.04%)	0.59
1-3 cm	76 (47.80%)	122 (49.80%)
3-5 cm	31 (19.50%)	54 (22.04%)
＞5 cm	13 (8.17%)	15 (6.12%)
Subscapularis type
Complete	136 (85.53%)	214 (87.35%)	0.41
Torn	23 (14.47%)	31 (12.65%)
LHB type
Normal	62 (38.99%)	172 (70.20%)	＜0.01
Abnormal	97 (61.01%)	73 (29.80%)
Shoulder stiffness
Stiff	85 (53.46%)	69 (28.16%)	＜0.01
Non-stiff	74 (46.54%)	176 (71.84%)

Table 4. CSI part B comparisons between the CSS group and the non-CSS group.

	CSS group (N = 159)	Non-CSS group (N = 245)	P value
Restless leg syndrome	3 (1.89%)	5 (2.04%)	0.49
Chronic fatigue syndrome	6 (3.77%)	8 (3.27%)	0.79
Fibromyalgia	13 (8.18%)	9 (3.67%)	0.06
Temporomandibular joint disorder	2 (1.26%)	5 (2.04%)	0.75
Migraine or tension headaches	12 (7.54%)	16 (6.53%)	0.44
Irritable bowel syndrome	3 (1.89%)	8 (3.27%)	0.46
Multiple chemical sensitivities	2 (1.26%)	3 (1.22%)	0.67
Neck injury (including whiplash)	5 (3.14%)	7 (2.86%)	0.38
Anxiety or panic attacks	38 (23.90%)	15 (6.12%)	<.001
Depression	24 (15.09%)	19 (7.76%)	0.02

Table 5. Multivariable logistic regression analysis for CSS (yes/no).

Characteristic	Odds ratio	95% CI	P value
Age (51–60)
No	Ref.
Yes	4.13	2.70, 6.32	＜.001
Gender (Female)
No	Ref.
Yes	5.56	3.44, 8.97	＜.001
Duration of symptoms (＞ 6 months)
No	Ref.
Yes	3.07	2.00, 4.69	＜.001
Occupation (Non-physical laborers)
No	Ref.
Yes	6.08	3.90, 9.47	＜.001
LHB type (Abnormal)
No	Ref.
Yes	3.69	2.42, 5.61	＜.001
Shoulder stiffness (Stiff)
No	Ref.
Yes	2.93	1.93, 4.45	＜.001
Anxiety or panic attacks
No	Ref.
Yes	4.82	2.55, 9.10	＜.001
Depression
No	Ref.
Yes	2.11	1.12, 4.00	＜.001