Manganese – a promising element also in high alloy sintered steels

Figures & data

Table 1. Vapour pressure (in Pa) of elements used in ferrous powder metallurgy at different temperatures [10].

Element	900°C	1000°C	1100°C	1200°C
Si	2.25E-7	5.40E-6	8.13E-5	8.44E-4
Fe	2.99E-6	6.47E-5	8.85E-4	8.40E-3
Cr	1.08E-5	2.36E-4	3.26E-3	3.13E-2
Cu	4.23E-4	6.10E-3	5.94E-2	4.23E-1
Mn	0.38	3.23	19.88	94.69

Figure 1. PM steel Fe-4%Mn-0.3%C, sintered 10 min at 1120°C (water atomised Fe, electrolytic Mn) [34].

Figure 2. Schematic of ‘internal getter’ effect: (a) thermodynamic basis and (b) transfer reaction.

Figure 3. Thermogravimetry and mass spectrometry graphs for (a) Fe-0.5%C and (b) Fe-0.5%C-4%Mn (electrolytic) in Ar atmosphere.

Figure 4. Fe-12%Mn-x%C, compacted at 700 MPa, sintered 60 min at 1400°C, cold rolled. (a) Fe-12%Mn-0.2%C, rolled, after 1 pass. (b) Fe-12%Mn-0.8%C, rolled, after 5 passes.

Figure 5. Magnetic saturation, apparent hardness and microhardness of Fe-12%Mn-x%C as sintered and after rolling. Compacted at 600 MPa, sintered 60 min at 1400°C.

Figure 6. Fe-12%Mn-2.0%C (Carbonyl Fe, electrolytic Mn). (a) Specimen sintered at 1350°C. (b) Dilatometric graph + MS.

Figure 7. Mn mappings of Fe-10%Mn-0.5%C, sintered 1300°C, prepared from different Fe powders. (a) Atomised iron powder. (b) Carbonyl iron powder.

Figure 8. Mn contents after sintering (analysed by WD-XRF) on the surface and core of Fe-9%Mn-0.45 … 0.48%C_combined, prepared using Fe ASC100.29 and different Mn carriers.

Figure 9. Austenite content, calculated through magnetic saturation, of Fe-9%Mn-0.45 … 0.48%C, prepared using Fe ASC100.29 and MA2 as Mn carrier, as sintered and after rolling (20 fine passes).

Šalak A, Selecka M. Manganese in powder metallurgy steels. Cambridge: Springer-CISP; 2012.

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Danninger H, Pöttschacher R, Bradac S, et al. Comparison of Mn, Cr and Mo alloyed sintered steels prepared from elemental powders. Powder Metall. 2005;48:23–32.

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