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Articles

Reconstructing Gravitational Attractions of Major Cities in China from Air Passenger Flow Data, 2001–2008: A Particle Swarm Optimization Approach

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Pages 265-282 | Received 01 Jun 2011, Accepted 01 Nov 2011, Published online: 21 May 2012
 

Abstract

In contrast to the conventional gravity model that estimates flows between cities of given sizes, the reverse gravity model attempts to reconstruct the theoretical gravitational attractions of cities from network flow data. This article introduces the particle swarm optimization (PSO) method in solving the reverse gravity model. With comparison to the linear programming (LP) and the simplified algebraic method (SAM), the advantages of the PSO method include flexibility in the impedance function and better goodness of fit. The method is applied to the case study of air passenger transport in China. The results indicate that estimated nodal attractions in cities are generally in line with their population sizes, but there are significant discrepancies between them. A close examination of the discrepancies reveals that a better developed tertiary sector and higher tourism revenue per capita are associated with overestimated attractions in air transport, and stronger railway dominance influences their underestimation. The changes of gravitational attractions in major cities from 2001 to 2008 indicate the declining dominance of the largest cities and a move toward a more balanced development in the air transport system of China.

En contraste con el modelo gravitatorio convencional que calcula los flujos entre ciudades de tamaños dados, el modelo de gravedad reversado intenta reconstruir las atracciones gravitacionales teóricas de las ciudades a partir de datos de flujo de redes. Este artículo presenta el método de optimización de enjambres de partículas (PSO) para resolver el modelo de gravedad reversado. En comparación con la programación lineal (LP) y el método algebraico simplificado (SAM), las ventajas del método PSO incluyen la flexibilidad en la función de impedancia y una mayor bondad de ajuste. Este método se aplica al estudio de caso de transporte aéreo de pasajeros en China. Los resultados indican que las atracciones nodales estimadas de las ciudades generalmente están en línea con sus tamaños poblacionales, aunque hay discrepancias significativas entre ellas. Un examen más cuidadoso de las discrepancias revela que un sector terciario mejor desarrollado y una rentabilidad turística per cápita más alta están asociados con atracciones sobrestimadas en el transporte aéreo, y que un dominio más fuerte del ferrocarril influencia su subestimación. Los cambios de las atracciones gravitatorias en las ciudades principales del 2001 al 2008 muestran la declinación en el dominio de las ciudades más grandes y un movimiento hacia un desarrollo más balanceado en el sistema de transporte aéreo de China.

Acknowledgments

Notes

*This research has been supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (No. 40928001 and No. 41001082). Comments by three anonymous reviewers helped us prepare the final version of the article.

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