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Focus: Rethinking Professional Geographical Practice in a Time of Climate Crisis; Part Two: Debate Two

Shall the American Association of Geographers Endorse Carbon Offsets? Absolutely Not!

Pages 171-177 | Received 11 Nov 2020, Accepted 16 May 2021, Published online: 06 Aug 2021
 

Abstract

Offsetting is widely embraced as a market-based solution to global warming. Governments, universities, and businesses of all sorts have pledged to achieve “net zero” greenhouse gas emissions partly or entirely through offsetting projects, many of which rely on so-called nature-based solutions (NBSs). Offsets are meant to compensate for damage caused by emissions from one place by absorbing or preventing the release of an equivalent amount somewhere else. At best, offsetting results in no change in total emissions, but as theory predicts and experience shows, that best result is rarely attainable. Meanwhile, both land-based and industrial offsets legitimize continued emissions. There is active debate in Paris-pact talks and in climate politics more broadly over how much fossil-fuel industries and industrial countries will be allowed to delay real climate action by representing offsets as if they were emissions reductions. The American Association of Geographers should not contribute to this illusion by endorsing offsetting. Instead we should take steps to reduce our own emissions and speak out clearly when our work has bearing on policy decisions and public perceptions about the climate crisis.

我们普遍认为, 补偿是一种基于市场的全球变暖的解决方案。政府、大学和各类企业承诺通过补偿项目, 部分或全部实现温室气体“净零”排放, 其中的许多补偿项目依赖于所谓的基于自然的解决方案。补偿是指, 为了弥补某个地方的排放所造成的损害, 在另外一个地方吸收或阻止等量的排放。在最佳情况下, 补偿不会导致总排放量的变化。但理论预测和经验表明, 这种最佳情况很少能得到实现。同时, 土地补偿和工业补偿使得继续排放合法化。化石燃料工业和工业化国家的排放量、以补偿的形式来实现“减排”、进而推迟切实的气候行动, 这在《巴黎公约》谈判和更广泛的气候政治中产生了激烈的辩论。美国地理学家协会不应该支持补偿、助长这种错觉。相反, 我们应该采取措施减少自身的排放量。当我们的工作影响到气候危机的决策和公众看法时, 我们应该大胆地表达出来。

Compensar es algo ampliamente acogido como la solución basada en mercado contra el calentamiento global. Gobiernos, universidades y negocios de todo tipo se han comprometido con el “cero neto” de emisiones de gases de invernadero, parcial o totalmente, a través de proyectos de compensación, muchos de los cuales dependen de las así llamadas soluciones basadas en la naturaleza (NBSs). Se asume que las compensaciones sirven para compensar por el daño causado por las emisiones en un lugar, buscando que sean absorbidas o previniendo en alguna otra parte la liberación de una cantidad equivalente de emisiones. En el mejor de los casos, la compensación no resulta en cambio alguno en las emisiones totales, pero, como predice la teoría y la experiencia muestra, ese mejor resultado rara vez se alcanza. Mientras tanto, las compensaciones basadas en la tierra lo mismo que las industriales legitiman la continuidad de las emisiones. Hay un debate activo en las conversaciones del pacto de París y más ampliamente en las políticas sobre el clima acerca de qué tanto se les permitirá a las industrias usar combustibles fósiles y a los países industriales dilatar una acción real sobre el clima al representar las compensaciones como si fuesen reducciones de las emisiones. La Asociación Americana de Geógrafos no debe contribuir a esta ilusión respaldando las compensaciones. Por el contrario, nosotros debemos dar los pasos para reducir nuestras propias emisiones y hablar claramente cuando nuestro trabajo sea relevante para adoptar decisiones sobre políticas y en las percepciones públicas acerca de la crisis climática.

Acknowledgments

The author thanks the special section editors and three anonymous reviewers for pushing me to sharpen my arguments.

Notes

1 Even longtime advocates of REDD + have recognized that after fifteen years, it has not achieved demonstrable gains against climate change and only minor benefits to some communities where offset projects are based (Angelsen Citation2018). Many REDD + projects exist more on paper than in practice, many have restricted the survival activities of indigenous and local communities, and some have been implicated in violent displacements of poor forest users from land set aside for “carbon farms” (Beymer-Farris and Bassett Citation2012; Cavanagh and Benjaminsen Citation2014; Bayrak and Marafa Citation2016; Sarmiento Barletti and Larson Citation2017; Howson Citation2018; Hoang, Satyal, and Corbera Citation2019; Kansanga and Luginaah Citation2019; Milne et al. Citation2019).

Additional information

Notes on contributors

Kathleen McAfee

KATHLEEN McAFEE is a Geographer and Professor of International Relations at San Francisco State University, San Francisco, CA 94132. E-mail: [email protected]. Her recent research on “selling nature to save it” centers on market-centered discourse and policy responses to unsustainable growth and climate change: carbon trading, payments for ecosystem services, and REDD + in the tropics.

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