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Abstract
Gallego J. and Maroto A. The specialization in knowledge-intensive business services (KIBS) across Europe: permanent co-localization to debate, Regional Studies. Knowledge-intensive business services (KIBS) have traditionally been said to require the establishment of face-to-face contacts in the transmission of the knowledge-based intermediate inputs they provide, which accordingly influence their localization patterns. However, the search of geographical proximity amongst economics actors implies less and less the need to localize near each other. The study tests this using Eurostat data on regional specialization in KIBS for 230 NUTS-2 regions from eighteen European countries for the period 2000–2007. The findings of the estimated spatial autoregressive (SAR) models suggest how the nodes of transport and communication networks may be relaxing the need of KIBS for permanent co-localization.
Gallego J. and Maroto A. 欧洲知识密集工商服务业的专殊化：永久共位的辩论，区域研究。传统而言，知识密集工商服务业 (KIBS) 必须在其所提供的以知识为基础的中间投入传播中，建立面对面的接触，并因此影响它们的地方化模式。但经济行动者追求地理的邻近性，意味着彼此共位的需求日益减少。本研究运用 2000 年至 2007 年间，欧盟统计局在十八个欧洲国家中的二百三十个第二级行政区域中 KIBS 的区域专殊化资料来测试上述论点。预估的空间自我迴归 (SAR) 模型之研究发现指出交通枢纽与传播网络如何可能减低 KIBS 对永久性共位的需求。
Gallego J. et Maroto A. La spécialisation dans les services d'entreprises à forte intensité de connaissances à travers l'Europe: le débat sur la co-localisation permanente, Regional Studies. L'idée reçue quant aux services d'entreprises à forte intensité de connaissances c'est qu'ils nécessitent l’établissement de contacts en face-à-face pour la transmission des consommations intermédiaires à base de connaissances qu'ils fournissent, qui à leur tour influencent la structure de la localisation. Cependant, la recherche de la proximité géographique par les acteurs économiques laisse supposer une réduction du besoin d'implantations proches les unes des autres. L’étude le teste à partir des données Eurostat sur la spécialisation régionale dans les services d'entreprises à forte intensité de connaissances pour 230 régions NUTS 2 dans dix-huit pays européens entre l'an 2000 et 2007. Les résultats des modèles auto-régressifs spatiaux estimés laissent supposer comment les noyaux de transport et les réseaux de communication pourront réduire le besoin de la co-localisation pour les services d'entreprises à forte intensité de connaissances.
Gallego J. und Maroto A. Spezialisierung von wissensintensiven Geschäftsdiensten in Europa: eine Debatte des ständigen gemeinsamen Standorts, Regional Studies. Für wissensintensive Geschäftsdienste gilt traditionell die Einrichtung von persönlichen Kontakten zur Weitergabe der von ihnen gelieferten wissensbasierten Vermittlungsbeiträge als erforderlich, was sich entsprechend auf ihre Lokalisierungsmuster auswirkt. Allerdings erfordert die Suche nach geografischer Nähe unter wirtschaftlichen Akteuren immer seltener eine Lokalisierung in gemeinsamer Nähe. In dieser Studie wird diese Hypothese mit Hilfe von Eurostat-Daten über die regionale Spezialisierung von wissensintensiven Geschäftsdiensten für 230 NUTS-2-Regionen in 18 europäischen Ländern im Zeitraum von 2000 bis 2007 überprüft. Aus den Ergebnissen der geschätzten räumlichen autoregressiven Modelle (SAR-Modelle) geht hervor, dass sich die Notwendigkeit von ständigen gemeinsamen Standorten für wissensintensive Geschäftsdienste durch die Knoten von Verkehrs- und Kommunikationsnetzen verringert haben könnte.
Gallego J. y aroto A. La especialización en los servicios a empresas intensivos en conocimiento (SEIC) en Europa: la colocalización permanente a debate, Regional Studies. Para los servicios a empresas intensivos en conocimiento (SEIC) tradicionalmente hay que establecer contactos personales al facilitar las aportaciones intermedias que ofrecen basadas en el conocimiento, contactos que por consiguiente influyen en sus modelos de localización. Sin embargo, para los protagonistas económicos, buscar proximidad geográfica significa cada vez menos hallar una localización cercana. En este estudio comprobamos esta hipótesis con ayuda de datos de Eurostat sobre la especialización regional en los SEIC para 230 regiones NUTS-2 de dieciocho países europeos para el periodo 2000–2007. Los resultados de los modelos espaciales autorregresivos (SAR) estimados dejan entrever cómo los nodos de las redes de transporte y comunicación podrían relajar la necesidad de una colocalización conjunta permanente para los SEIC.
Acknowledgements
The authors thank three anonymous referees for helpful, valuable, and constructive comments and suggestions on earlier versions of this paper.
Notes
1. For a revision, see Fujita and Krugman (Citation2004).
2. Nomenclature des Activités économiques dans la Communauté Européenne. For clarification, the Statistical Classification of Economic Activities in the European Community is available at: http://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/ramon/nomenclatures/index.cfm?TargetUrl=LST_CLS_DLD&StrNom=NACE_1_1&StrLanguageCode=EN&StrLayoutCode=EN#/.
4. The term NUTS (Nomenclature des Unités Territoriales Statistiques) refers to the official classification of regions adopted by the European Union.
5. This includes working proprietors, partners working regularly in the unit, unpaid family workers, as well as persons who work outside the unit who belong to it and are paid by it (for example, sales representatives, delivery personnel, and repair and maintenance teams).
6. Further information about the measuring of potential transport accessibility is available at: http://www.espon.eu/. Publicly available data are restricted to years 2001 and 2006.
7. Two different maps describing disparities in transport accessibility between European regions are available at the ESPON website: (1) Multimodal potential accessibility in 2006 (http://www.espon.eu/export/sites/default/Documents/Publications/TerritorialObservations/TrendsInAccessibility/map7_accessibility_multimodal_2006.pdf); and (2) Relative change of multimodal potential accessibility in the time period, 2001–2006 (http://www.espon.eu/export/sites/default/Documents/Publications/TerritorialObservations/TrendsInAccessibility/map8_accessibility_multimodal_2001-2006.pdf).
8. The whole set of LQ ratio values for the 230 European NUTS-2 regions during the time period 2000–2007 are available from the authors upon request.
9. Local and global Moran coefficients and their significance levels for bivariate analyses are available from the authors upon request.
10. The Hausman test is based on the idea that the covariance of an efficient estimator and its difference with respect to an inefficient estimator is zero. The statistic, under the null hypothesis of endogeneity of the regressors, is asymptotically distributed as a χ2 with as many degrees of freedom as non-exogenous regressors are present in the specification. In the present case, the null hypothesis cannot be rejected.
11. F-statistic of first-stage estimation is higher than 10, being instruments used in 2SLS commonly valid.
12. The accessibility measure is to be restricted to transport accessibility. The ICT accessibility variable has dropped from the model since there are no available data for this component previous to the year 2008.
13. Controlling for unobservable (fixed) regional effects, therefore exploiting the full panel dataset, is not possible since data on accessibility are not available for all the years in the time period under analysis.
14. Though not presented, results were also computed for each of the years (2000–2006) and the same conclusions were achieved. They are available from the authors upon request.
15. Anselin (Citation2003) describes the global spatial multiplier (1/1 – ρ) as the average extent to which the direct effect of a factor on the dependent variable is magnified by the spillovers in the system.