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Original Articles

Local government spending and service delivery in Indonesia: the perverse effects of substantial fiscal resources

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Pages 1695-1707 | Received 21 Jul 2015, Accepted 18 Jul 2016, Published online: 21 Sep 2016
 

ABSTRACT

Local government spending and service delivery in Indonesia: the perverse effects of substantial fiscal resources. Regional Studies. This study examines the impact of local government expenditure on service delivery in Indonesia. District spending positively influences education, health and infrastructure service access – but only up to a point, after which the relationship becomes negative. The quadratic spending effects disappear for districts managed by directly elected executives and those that perform well on their financial audits. For these arguably less corrupt districts the impact of spending on services is positive across the entire range of expenditure. The consistently beneficial impact of less corrupt district spending on service access is mitigated, however, by rising dependence on intergovernmental transfers.

摘要

印尼的地方政府支出与服务供给:大量财政资源的反效果,区域研究。本研究检视印尼地方政府支出对服务供给的影响。行政区的支出,正向影响了教育、健康和基础建设服务的获得管道—但到某一限度后,上述关係便转为负面关係。二次方的支出效应,在直接由选举产生、且在财务审核上表现良好的行政官员所管理的区域中消失。在这些被认为是较少贪腐的行政区中,支出对于服务的影响在整体支出中是正面的。但较少贪腐的行政区支出对于服务取得的持续有益之影响,却随着对跨政府(财政)转移的依赖的增加而有所减缓。

RÉSUMÉ

Les dépenses des collectivités locales et la prestation de services en Indonésie: les effets pervers des ressources fiscales importantes. Regional Studies. Cette étude examine l’impact des dépenses des collectivités locales sur la prestation de services en Indonésie. Les dépenses à l’échelle des districts influent positivement sur l’éducation, la santé et l’accès aux services d’infrastructure – mais seulement jusqu’à un certain point, au-delà duquel le rapport devient négatif. Les effets quadratiques des dépenses disparaissent dans les districts administrés par des pouvoirs exécutifs élus au suffrage universel et par ceux qui fonctionnent bien en termes de leurs audits financiers. Pour les districts qui sont possiblement moins corrompus, l’impact des dépenses pour les services s’avère positif, tous postes de dépenses confondus. Cependant, l’impact toujours bénéfique des dépenses des districts moins corrompus pour l’accès aux services est atténué par une dépendance accrue des transferts intergouvernementaux.

ZUSAMMENFASSUNG

Ausgaben von Kommunalbehörden und Erbringung von Leistungen in Indonesien: die perversen Auswirkungen umfangreicher fiskaler Ressourcen. Regional Studies. In diesem Beitrag wird die Auswirkung der Ausgaben von Kommunalbehörden auf die Erbringung von Leistungen in Indonesien untersucht. Die kommunalen Ausgaben haben einen positiven Einfluss auf die Erhältlichkeit von Leistungen im Bereich der Bildung, des Gesundheitswesens und der Infrastruktur – allerdings nur bis zu einem bestimmten Punkt, nach dem die Beziehung negativ wird. Die quadratischen Ausgabeneffekte verschwinden für Bezirke, die von direkt gewählten Führungskräften geleitet werden oder bei ihren Rechnungsprüfungen gut abschneiden. Für diese offenbar weniger korrupten Bezirke wirken sich die Ausgaben im gesamten Ausgabenspektrum positiv auf die Leistungen aus. Allerdings wird die gleichmäßig positive Auswirkung von Ausgaben in weniger korrupten Bezirken auf die Erhältlichkeit von Leistungen durch die zunehmende Abhängigkeit von Finanzzuweisungen zwischen Regierungen abgeschwächt.

RESUMEN

Gastos de administraciones locales y prestación de servicios en Indonesia: los efectos perversos de los recursos fiscales cuantiosos. Regional Studies. En este estudio se analizan los efectos del gasto de las administraciones locales en la prestación de servicios en Indonesia. El gasto comarcal influye positivamente en el acceso a la educación, la salud y los servicios de infraestructura, pero solo hasta cierto punto, porque después la relación es negativa. Los efectos cuadráticos de los gastos desaparecen en los distritos gestionados por ejecutivos directamente elegidos y los que obtienen buenos resultados en las auditorías financieras. Para estos distritos sin duda menos corruptos, el efecto de los gastos en los servicios es positivo en todo el espectro de gastos. Sin embargo, el efecto coherentemente beneficioso de los gastos en distritos menos corruptos en lo que respecta al acceso a los servicios se mitiga al aumentar la dependencia de las transferencias intergubernamentales.

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

The author thanks two anonymous referees for their very constructive criticism.

DISCLOSURE STATEMENT

No potential conflict of interest was reported by the author.

SUPPLEMENTAL DATA

Supplemental data for this article can be accessed at http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00343404.2016.1216957

Notes

1. In late 2004, the DPR issued revisions to the two major pieces of legislation on administration and fiscal relations: Law 32/2004 and Law 33/2004, respectively. In 2009, it finalized an amendment to the law on sub-national taxes: Law 28/2009. In 2014, Law 23/14 was promulgated, amending Law 32/2004.

2. Comprehensive data do not exist on the quality of local services. Under such circumstances, the analysis of service access effects would seem to be a reasonable second-best approach.

3. Electricity is provided by the National Electricity Agency (PLN).

4. District splitting (pemekaran) refers to the phenomenon of local governments breaking into smaller administrative units, a ubiquitous occurrence in Indonesia (Fitrani et al., Citation2005).

5. The pool of finance for the general grant is based on planned domestic revenues (net of the amounts to be transferred through the revenue-sharing programmes) as fixed in the state budget. Until 2006 the central government had purposely underestimated such revenues in the budget in order to keep its grant obligations low. In 2006 the centre finally succumbed to pressure from local governments to estimate planned domestic revenues more realistically and, consequently, general-purpose grants significantly increased.

6. Over-instrumentation can result in two main problems. First, use of too many instruments may over-fit the endogenous variables, thus inadequately expunging the endogeneity and biasing coefficient estimates in the process. Second, the employment of an excessive number of instruments may also create problems for the Hansen test of instrument exogeneity; that is, if the number of instruments becomes too large, the test is invalidated.

7. Estimation of the DPD model is carried out using ‘xtabond2’ developed for Stata by Roodman (Citation2007).

8. The robustness of the main results is also tested along two additional dimensions: (1) geography and access to natural resource-based revenues; and (2) individual service access. The outcomes of these robustness tests are provided in Appendix B in the supplemental data online.

9. The author thanks a reviewer for pressing this line of enquiry.

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