Global investments and regional development trajectories: the missing links

Figures & data

Figure 1. Foreign direct investment towards the regions of Europe (cumulative inward capital expenditure, 2003–14, US$ millions). Source: Authors’ elaboration of fDi Markets data.

Figure 2. Foreign direct investment originating from the regions of Europe (cumulative outward capital expenditure, 2003–14, US$ millions). Source: Authors’ elaboration of fDi Markets data.

Figure 3. Changes in foreign direct investment towards the regions of Europe after the crisis (differences in capital expenditure between 2003–08 and 2009–14). Source: Authors’ elaboration of fDi Markets data.

Figure 4. Changes in foreign direct investment originating from the regions of Europe after the crisis (differences in capital expenditure between 2003–08 and 2009–14). Source: Authors’ elaboration of fDi Markets data.

Table 1. Spatial extent of foreign direct investment (FDI) in the regions of the European Union (EU) (changes in FDI to/from different groups of regions).

	Capital expenditure (CapEx) (core–periphery–extra Europe) shares
	From the core			From the periphery			From extra-EU
	Pre-crisis	Post-crisis	Growth rate	Pre-crisis	Post-crisis	Growth rate	Pre-crisis	Post-crisis	Growth rate
To the core	20%	18%	−16%	19%	13%	−32%	72%	79%	1%
To the periphery	12%	9%	−31%	28%	16%	−43%	28%	21%	−34%
To extra-EU	68%	74%	2%	53%	71%	34%

Source: Authors’ elaboration of fDi Markets data.

Table 2. Nature of foreign direct investment (FDI) inflows in the regions of Europe before the crisis (shares of business activities by class of change in capital expenditure (CapEx)).

Europe destination – business activities only pre-crisis (2003–08) – shares
Quintile of change in CapEx	Headquarters	Innovative activities	Production	Services, sales and logistics
1	2%	2%	78%	18%
2	4%	4%	74%	18%
3	8%	4%	64%	24%
4	11%	2%	60%	27%
5	14%	4%	58%	24%

Source: Authors’ elaboration of fDi Markets data.

Table 3. Nature of foreign direct investment (FDI) inflows in the regions of Europe after the crisis (shares of business activities by class of change in capital expenditure (CapEx)).

Europe destination – business activities only post crisis (2009–14) – shares
Quintile of change in CapEx	Headquarters	Innovative activities	Production	Services, sales and logistics
1	6%	3%	65%	26%
2	7%	4%	61%	28%
3	12%	5%	55%	28%
4	12%	3%	56%	29%
5	14%	3%	64%	20%

Source: Authors’ elaboration of fDi Markets data.

Table 4. Nature of outward foreign direct investment (FDI) originating from the regions of Europe before the crisis (shares of business activities by class of change in capital expenditure (CapEx)).

Europe source – business activities only pre crisis (2003–08) – shares
Quintile of change in CapEx	Headquarters	Innovative activities	Production	Services, sales and logistics
1	6%	0%	76%	17%
2	5%	2%	74%	19%
3	7%	3%	71%	19%
4	6%	2%	76%	16%
5	8%	2%	64%	26%

Source: Authors’ elaboration of fDi Markets data.

Table 5. Nature of outward foreign direct investment (FDI) originating from the regions of Europe after the crisis (shares of business activities by class of change in capital expenditure (CapEx)).

Europe source – business activities only post-crisis (2009–14) – shares
Quintile of change in CapEx	Headquarters	Innovative activities	Production	Services, sales and logistics
1	11%	1%	63%	25%
2	9%	3%	62%	26%
3	9%	3%	62%	25%
4	8%	3%	68%	21%
5	8%	1%	73%	18%

Source: Authors’ elaboration of fDi Markets data.

Table 6. Changes in inward foreign direct investment (FDI) flows and short-term regional economic trajectories.

		Europe destination
			GDP pc PPS, 2005–08	GDP pc PPS, 2009–14	Δ GDP PPS pc	Unemployment rate, 1999–2008	Unemployment rate, 2009–15	Δ Unemployment rate
Quintile of change in CapEx	Number of regions	Category	Average GDP pc, €, PPS	Average GDP pc, €, PPS	Rate of growth, 1999–2008 versus 2009–15, %	Unemployment rate, 15 years or over, %	Unemployment rate, 15 years or over, %	Difference 1999–2008 versus 2009–15, %
(1)	24	Slippers	24,158.33	24,327.08	0.70	8.48	12.42	3.94
(5)	16	Climbers	27,975.00	28,153.13	0.64	6.36	7.47	1.11

Notes: The number of regions in each class is lower than in previous tables due to the exclusion of outliers and missing data for gross domestic product (GDP) and/or unemployment. The Slippers category only includes the regions in the bottom quintile of the change in capital expenditure (CapEx) distribution as discussed in the text.

PPS, purchasing power standards; pc, per capita.

Source: Authors’ elaboration of EUROSTAT data.

Table 7. Changes in outward foreign direct investment (FDI) flows and short-term regional economic trajectories.

		Europe source
			GDP pc 2005–08	GDP pc 2009–14	Δ GDP pc	Unemployment rate, 1999–2008	Unemployment rate, 2009–15	Δ Unemployment rate
Quintile of change in CapEx	Number of regions	Categories	Average GDP pc, €, PPS	Average GDP pc, €, PPS	Rate of growth, 1999–2008 versus 2009–15, %	Unemployment rate, 15 years or over, %	Unemployment rate, 15 years or over, %	Difference 1999–2008 versus 2009–15, %
(1)	25	Slippers	19,516.00	20,460.00	4.84	9.20	11.08	1.89
(5)	28	Climbers	21,189.29	22,597.62	6.65	8.77	10.51	1.74

Notes: The number of regions in each class is lower than in previous tables due to the exclusion of outliers and missing data for gross domestic product (GDP) and/or unemployment. The Slippers category only includes the regions in the first quintile of the change in capital expenditure (CapEx) distribution, while the Climbers category only includes the regions in the fifth quintile of the change CapEx distribution as discussed in the text.

PPS, purchasing power standards; pc, per capita.

Source: Authors’ elaboration of EUROSTAT data.

Table 8. ‘Winners’ and ‘losers’ in bi-directional connectivity and short-term changes in regional economic trajectories.

	Europe source and destination
		GDP pc, 2005–08	GDP pc, 2009–14	Δ GDP pc	Unemployment rate, 2000–08	Unemployment rate, 2009–15	Δ Unemployment rate
Number of regions	Category	Average GDP pc, €, PPS	Average GDP pc, €, PPS	Rate of growth 1999–2008 versus 2009–15, %	Unemployment rate, 15 years or over, %	Unemployment rate, 15 years or over, %	Difference 2000–08 versus 2009–15, %
10	Winners
	Average	23,785	24,451.67	2.80	7.35	7.76	0.41
35	Losers
	Average	22,515	22,797.86	1.26	9.15	10.88	1.73

Note: PPS, purchasing power standards; pc, per capita. Source: Authors’ elaboration of EUROSTAT data.