The centrality of regions in corporate knowledge flows and the implications for Smart Specialisation Strategies

Figures & data

Table 1. Main indicators for the analysis of the matrix of technological knowledge flows.

Betweenness centrality of pole $i:c_i=d_{-i}/d$	$d_{-i}$ is the determinant of the sub-graph excluding pole $i$
Betweenness centrality of layer $j:c_j=d_{-j}/d$	$d_{-j}$ is the determinant of the partial graph excluding layer $j$
Contribution of a layer $j$ to the centrality of pole $i:C_i^j=(d_{-i}^j-d)/(d_{-i}-d)$	$d_{-i}^j$ is the determinant of the partial graph excluding flow of $i$ in $j$

Figure 1. Matrix of cited region (row) x citing region (column) x firm.

Table 2. Betweenness centrality of regions.

Rank	Centrality score	Region code	Region	Country code	Total patents families
1	1.1485	JPD	Southern-Kanto	JP	2768
2	1.0706	CH01	Lemanic Region	CH	278
3	1.0680	JPF	Toukai	JP	1002
4	1.0665	CH02	Espace Mittelland	CH	260
5	1.0660	KR01	Capital Region	KR	1586
6	1.0646	JPG	Kinki	JP	1144
7	1.0512	FR10	Ile-de-France	FR	1019
8	1.0506	DE21	Oberbayern	DE	1107
9	1.0473	DE11	Stuttgart	DE	799
10	1.0456	DEA1	Dusseldorf	DE	820
11	1.0431	US06	California	US	757
12	1.0379	DK03	Syddanmark	DK	128
13	1.0360	DE71	Darmstadt	DE	642
14	1.0340	CH04	Zurich	CH	417
15	1.0321	DEF0	Schleswig-Holstein	DE	282
16	1.0318	DE12	Karlsruhe	DE	695
17	1.0316	FI1B	Helsinki-Uusimaa	FI	246
18	1.0311	JPC	Northern-Kanto, Koshin	JP	438
19	1.0304	US09	Connecticut	US	392
20	1.0303	DEA2	Koln	DE	529

Table 3. Contribution of firms (layers) to regions’ centrality: selected regions (poles).

Rank	Centrality scores	Research and development (R&D) investors	R&D rank	Total patents families	Country codes	ICB industry names^a
Southern Kanto, Japan
1	0.1127	Honda Motor	16	273	JP	Automobiles & Parts
2	0.1086	Sony	24	374	JP	Leisure Goods
3	0.1064	Toshiba	43	263	JP	General Industrials
4	0.0901	Hitachi	37	293	JP	Electrical Components & Equipment
5	0.0883	Fujifilm	74	301	JP	Electronic Equipment
6	0.0648	Canon	44	239	JP	Electronic Office Equipment
7	0.0604	Ricoh	113	202	JP	Electronic Office Equipment
8	0.0583	Fujitsu	55	193	JP	Computer Services
9	0.0498	Samsung Electronics	2	865	KR	Electronic Equipment
10	0.0393	Seiko Epson	225	150	JP	Electronic Office Equipment
Lemanic Region, Switzerland
1	0.7677	Swatch	487	187	CH	Personal Goods
2	0.3248	Nestlé	80	125	CH	Food Producers
3	0.0949	Koenig & Bauer	1109	22	DE	Industrial Machinery
4	0.0502	Philip Morris International	294	26	US	Tobacco
5	0.0346	Kudelski	505	34	CH	Software
6	0.0285	Stryker	268	33	US	Health Care Equipment & Services
7	0.0243	Siemens	17	1464	DE	Electrical Components & Equipment
8	0.0242	Meyer Burger Technology	888	8	CH	Industrial Machinery
9	0.0161	Richemont	1107	6	CH	General Retailers
10	0.0124	Mondelez	269	30	US	Food Producers
Ile-de-France, France
1	0.1548	Valeo	155	178	FR	Automobiles & Parts
2	0.1204	Alcatel-Lucent	49	533	FR	Telecommunications Equipment
3	0.0893	Peugeot (PSA)	48	108	FR	Automobiles & Parts
4	0.0654	Technicolor	492	132	FR	Media
5	0.0633	Gemalto	461	125	NL	Electronic Equipment
6	0.0598	Lair Liquide	436	119	FR	Chemicals
7	0.0446	General Electric	32	764	US	General Industrials
8	0.0427	Sorin	894	47	IT	Health Care Equipment & Services
9	0.0381	Thales	157	139	FR	Aerospace & Defence
10	0.0321	United Technologies	62	340	US	Aerospace & Defence

Note: ^aInternational Classification Benchmark (ICB). Retrieved from https://research.ftserussell.com/products/downloads/ICBStructure-Eng.pdf/.