Industrial policy, productivity and place: London as a ‘role model’ and High Speed 2 (HS2)

Figures & data

Figure 1. A radial structure.

Figure 2. Positive agglomeration effects.

Figure 3. Negative agglomeration effects.

Table 1. Agglomeration effects and productivity metrics

Category		Agglomeration effect
		Positive		Negative
		Demand-enhancing	Production-enhancing	Rentier-serving
Productivity metric (capacity-permitting)	$O/L$	Falls when employment expands	Range of possibilities	Increases
	$GVA/L$	Range of possibilities	Range of possibilities	Increases