COVID-19 vaccination rates and neighbourhoods: evidence from Sweden

Figures & data

Table 1. Marginal effects from probit regression for the probability of getting vaccinated explained by neighbourhood characteristics with individual and municipal characteristics control variables.

Neighbourhood characteristics	Ethnic		Low education		Poverty
	> 7% to < 15%	0.0084***	> 7% to < 10%	−0.0187***	> 10% to < 17.5%	−0.0091***
	15% to < 25%	0.0035***	10% to < 15%	−0.0299***	17.5% to < 25%	−0.0108***
	25% to < 35%	−0.0071***	15% to < 20%	−0.0336***	25% to < 32.5%	−0.0101***
	35% to < 45%	−0.0119***	20% to < 25%	−0.0350***	32.5% to < 40%	−0.0114***
	45% to < 55%	−0.0267***	25% to < 30%	−0.0349***	40% to < 47.5%	−0.0070***
	55% to < 65%	−0.0267***	30% to < 35%	−0.0342***	47.5% to < 55%	0.0001
	65% to < 75%	−0.0270***	≥ 35%	−0.0275***	≥ 55%	0.0198***
	≥ 75%	−0.0194***
Vaccinated share of marginalised socio-economic group in neighbourhood	0.1879***		0.1512***		0.2881***
No-go zone	−0.0151***		−0.0203***		−0.0296***
Regional characteristics
Population density	−0.00002		−0.0019***		0.0023***
Regional type
Urban	0.0093***		0.0075***		0.0089***
Metro	−0.0028***		−0.0068***		0.0078***
Individual characteristics
Ethnic background
Nordic	−0.0465***		−0.0460***		−0.0452***
EU15	−0.0863***		−0.0888***		−0.0859***
West Balkan	−0.1444***		−0.1417***		−0.1450***
East Europe	−0.2376***		−0.2395***		−0.2375***
Middle East	−0.0742***		−0.0719***		−0.0756***
East Africa	−0.0434***		−0.0423***		−0.0457***
North–South-West Africa	−0.0845***		−0.0839***		−0.0862***
South–Central Asia	0.0103***		0.0110***		0.0102***
Southeast–East Asia	0.0114***		0.0109***		0.0121***
South–Central America	−0.0374***		−0.0370***		−0.0370***
North America–Oceania	−0.0790***		−0.0806***		−0.0821***
Education
High school	0.0155***		0.0148***		0.0154***
Shorter higher education	0.0452***		0.0432***		0.0446***
Longer higher education	0.0640***		0.0619***		0.0641***
Income	0.0310***		0.0312***		0.0318***
Age (years)
30–39	−0.0074***		−0.0069***		−0.0071***
40–49	0.0288***		0.0295***		0.0296***
50–59	0.0557***		0.0562***		0.0562***
60–69	0.0815***		0.0815***		0.0811***
70–79	0.1052***		0.1062***		0.1056***
80–89	0.1073***		0.1086***		0.1078***
90+	0.0855***		0.0870***		0.0859***
Female	0.0138***		0.0141***		0.0140***
Civil status
Single with child	0.0075***		0.0084***		0.0089***
Married	0.0267***		0.0264***		0.0271***
Married with child	0.0378***		0.0377***		0.0390***
Frontline worker	0.0126***		0.0137***		0.0124***
Elderly home	0.0250***		0.0276***		0.0273***
House type
Tenant-owned (apartment)	0.0239***		0.0235***		0.0261***
Owner-occupied (house)	0.0194***		0.0131***		0.0191***
Inter-generational household	−0.0467***		−0.0486***		−0.0471***
Crowded household	−0.0379***		−0.0381***		−0.0388***
Observations	8,665,674		8,665,746		8,665,745
Pseudo-R^2	0.167		0.167		0.167

Note: Dependent variable = 1 if a person has received one shot or more, 0 otherwise.

***Significance at 1% level, **significance at 5% level and *significance at 10% level.

Table 2. Marginal effects from probit regression for the probability of getting the three recommended shots explained by neighbourhood characteristics with individual and municipal characteristics control variables.

Neighbourhood characteristics	Ethnic		Low education		Poverty
	> 7% to < 15%	0.0072***	> 7% to < 10%	−0.0200***	> 10% to < 17.5%	−0.0019***
	15% to < 25%	0.0049***	10% to < 15%	−0.0319***	17.5% to < 25%	0.0010**
	25% to < 35%	0.0019***	15% to < 20%	−0.0350***	25% to < 32.5%	0.0031***
	35% to < 45%	−0.0034***	20% to < 25%	−0.0413***	32.5% to < 40%	−0.0033***
	45% to < 55%	−0.0102***	25% to < 30%	−0.0395***	40% to < 47.5%	0.0084***
	55% to < 65%	−0.0175***	30% to < 35%	−0.0544***	47.5% to < 55%	0.0201***
	65% to < 75%	−0.0127***	≥ 35%	−0.0692***	≥ 55%	0.0533***
	≥ 75%	−0.0494***
Vaccinated share of marginalised socio-economic group in neighbourhood	0.1924***		0.1100***		0.2707***
No-go zone	−0.0292***		−0.0264***		−0.0462***
Regional characteristics
Population density	−0.0128***		−0.0147***		−0.0084***
Stockholm	−0.0148***		−0.0166***		−0.0048***
Individual characteristics
Ethnic background
Nordic	−0.0292***		−0.0279***		−0.0282***
EU15	−0.0101***		−0.0108***		−0.0098***
West Balkan	−0.1917***		−0.1860***		−0.1901***
East Europe	−0.1580***		−0.1563***		−0.1571***
Middle East	−0.2389***		−0.2322***		−0.2399***
East Africa	−0.2819***		−0.2746***		−0.2846***
North–South-West Africa	−0.2087***		−0.2045***		−0.2099***
South–Central Asia	−0.0807***		−0.0767***		−0.0795***
Southeast–East Asia	−0.0077***		−0.0055***		−0.0065***
South–Central America	−0.0576***		−0.0552***		−0.0571***
North America–Oceania	−0.0197***		−0.0205***		−0.0192***
Education
High school	0.0256***		0.0250***		0.0257***
Shorter higher education	0.0619***		0.0595***		0.0614***
Longer higher education	0.1021***		0.0991***		0.1022***
Income	0.0149***		0.0150***		0.0162***
Age (years)
30–39	0.1220***		0.1229***		0.1226***
40–49	0.2486***		0.2498***		0.2498***
50–59	0.3257***		0.3268***		0.3267***
60–69	0.3679***		0.3691***		0.3685***
70–79	0.3692***		0.3709***		0.3702***
80–89	0.3886***		0.3906***		0.3898***
90 +	0.3137***		0.3158***		0.3148***
Female	0.0315***		0.0317***		0.0316***
Civil status
Single with child	−0.0817***		−0.0806***		−0.0791***
Married	0.0319***		0.0317***		0.0328***
Married with child	−0.0324***		−0.0325***		−0.0299***
Frontline worker	0.0233***		0.0240***		0.0230***
Elderly home	0.0106***		0.0101***		0.0124***
House type
Tenant-owned (apartment)	0. 0250***		0. 0238***		0.0270***
Owner-occupied (house)	0.0157***		0.0086***		0.0170***
Inter-generational household	−0.0245***		−0.0266***		−0.0254***
Crowded household	−0.0441***		−0.0438***		−0.0452***
Dose 1 type
Comirnaty	0.0717***		0.0720***		0.0723***
Vaxzevria	0.1390***		0.1390***		0.1394***
Observations	7,573,906		7,573,971		7,573,968
Pseudo-R^2	0.182		0.182		0.182

Note: ***Significance at 1% level, **significance at 5% level and *significance at 10% level.

Robust standard errors are shown in parentheses. Dependent variable = 1 if the individual has got all three recommended shots.

Table 3. Marginal effects for the probability of getting vaccinated explained by neighbourhood characteristics with individual and municipal characteristics control variables – only for individuals in marginalised groups.

Neighbourhood characteristics	Only ethnic		Only low education		Only poverty
	> 7% to < 15%	0.0138***	> 7% to < 10%	−0.0251***	> 10% to < 17.5%	−0.0024
	15% to < 25%	0.0056***	10% to < 15%	−0.0412***	17.5% to < 25%	−0.0050***
	25% to < 35%	−0.0045**	15% to < 20%	−0.0509***	25% to < 32.5%	−0.0044***
	35% to < 45%	−0.0105***	20% to < 25%	−0.0501***	32.5% to < 40%	−0.0141***
	45% to < 55%	−0.0255***	25% to < 30%	−0.0528***	40% to < 47.5%	−0.0002
	55% to < 65%	−0.0296***	30% to < 35%	−0.0523***	47.5% to < 55%	0.0123***
	65% to < 75%	−0.0344***	≥ 35%	−0.0463***	≥ 55%	0.0393***
	≥ 75%	−0.0213***
Control variables	Yes		Yes		Yes
Observations	1,512,712		638,214		1,282,938
Pseudo-R^2	0.134		0.114		0.147

Note: ***Significance at 1% level, **significance at 5% level and *significance at 10% level.

Dependent variable =1 if the individual has had at least one vaccine shot. All control variables are included.

Table 4. Marginal effects for the probability of getting the three recommended shots explained by neighbourhood characteristics with individual and municipal characteristics control variables – only for individuals in marginalised groups.

Neighbourhood characteristics	Only ethnic		Only low education		Only poverty
	> 7% to < 15%	−0.0102***	> 7% to < 10%	−0.0203***	> 10% to < 17.5%	−0.0060***
	15% to < 25%	−0.0275***	10% to < 15%	−0.0311***	17.5% to < 25%	−0.0047**
	25% to < 35%	−0.0414***	15% to < 20%	−0.0354***	25% to < 32.5%	−0.0055**
	35% to < 45%	−0.0496***	20% to < 25%	−0.0451***	32.5% to < 40%	−0.0207***
	45% to < 55%	−0.0636**	25% to < 30%	−0.0466***	40% to < 47.5%	−0.0044*
	55% to < 65%	−0.0742***	30% to < 35%	−0.0647***	47.5% to < 55%	0.0124***
	65% to < 75%	−0.0757***	≥ 35%	−0.0625***	≥ 55%	0.0359***
	≥ 75%	−0.1007***
Control variables	Yes		Yes		Yes
Observations	1,081,971		483,721		929,442
Pseudo-R^2	0.156		0.201		0.184

Note: ***Significance at 1% level, **significance at 5% level and *significance at 10% level.

Dependent variable =1 if the individual has had all three recommended shots. All control variables are included.