Decentralisation, intergovernmental coordination, and response to extreme events in Southeast Asia

Figures & data

Figure 1. New monthly cases per 1 million population.

Source: Our World in Data (Ritchie et al., 2020).

Graph of over-time cases per million population with two lines showing similar peaks and valleys in in Indonesia and the Philippines, with a red dashed line indicating the date of the start of the Omicron wave.

Figure 2. New monthly deaths per 1 million population.

Source: Our World in Data (Ritchie et al., 2020).

Graph of over-time deaths per million population with one line showing a distinct high peak in Indonesia but no similar peak for the Philippines, with a red dashed line indicating the date of the start of the Delta wave that precedes the Indonesian line peak. Source: Our World in Data (Ritchie et al., 2020).

Figure 3. Estimate cumulative excess mortality.

Source: World Health Organization.

Graph of over-time cumulative excess mortality showing divergence between one fast accelerating line for Indonesia contrasted with one relatively flat and low line for the Philippines, with a red dashed line indicating the start of the Delta wave.

Figure 4. Indonesian puskesmas and COVID fatality rates by province.

Sources: Indonesian Central Statistics Body; Indonesian Ministry of Health.

Scatterplot showing a negative relationship between fatality rate and local health clinic presence in Indonesia, with a fitted downward sloping line indicating further indicating the negative relationship.

Figure 5. Philippines health clinics and COVID fatality rates by province/HUC/ICC.

Sources: Philippines National Health Facility Registry; Philippines Department of Health.

Scatterplot showing a relatively weak relationship between fatality rate and local health clinic presence in the Philippines, with a fitted barely upward sloping line indicating the relatively weak relationship.

Figure 6. Provincial COVID fatality rate and extreme events from 1990–2023.

Sources: Indonesian National Disaster Management Agency; Indonesian Ministry of Health.

Map of Indonesian provinces showing higher COVID-19 fatality rates in darker shading and higher numbers of extreme events in heavier thatching, with overlap in the darker shading and heavier thatching in key provinces as indicated in the text.

Ritchie, H., Mathieu, E., Rodés-Guirao, L., Appel, C., Giattino, C., Ortiz-Ospina, E., Hasell, J., Macdonald, B., Beltekian, D., & Roser, M. (2020). Coronavirus Pandemic (COVID-19). Published online at OurWorldInData.org. https://ourworldindata.org/coronavirus.

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