Effects of parental HIV on children’s education: a qualitative study at Mashambanzou Zimbabwe

Figures & data

Table 1. Coding frame of themes.

Mechanism	Global Theme	Organizing theme	Basic theme
Reduced availability of the parent due to the illness and related financial hardship	Financial issues brought about or exacerbated by HIV presenting barriers to investment in education Financial issues brought about or exacerbated by HIV as a barrier to investment in education	Limited income, underemployment, or unemployment Single-income homes Lack of finances and time for children’s schooling School dropout or non-attendance Enrollment issues Extended family	- Parents are informally employed and work long hours. Therefore, they lack the time to pay attention to their children’s schooling needs. -Late payments from informal employment. -Informal job payments are made in kind. -Children live in single-income households because husband or partner is ill, unemployed or deceased. -There is little to no money to pay for school fees and school supplies. Most of income goes to food. -Parents split their time and financial resources between HIV-related treatment and financial generating activities -Children did not attend school for extended periods of time due to lack of finances to pay for school fees or buy school supplies. -Children have no birth certificates to register in public school -Children live in families with extended family members which exacerbates the financial constraints within the household.
Association between parental and offspring health through vertical transmission of HIV status and children caring for sick parents	Vertical transmission of HIV from parent Child carer (i.e. children providing are to their parents and siblings)	Physical illness from the disease Emotional and psychological effects of the disease Helping with raising siblings Helping parents with informal work Reminding parents about their healthcare routine	-Physical and psychological effects of being HIV positive will affect schooling. -Children distancing themselves from parents, school, and the community in order to not deal with stigma. - Older children helping their parents raise their siblings - Children assisting parents with selling goods during school term - Children given the responsibility to remind their parents to take their medication
Intergenerational transmission of socioeconomic status	Gender issues (i.e. parental HIV affects boys and girls differently)	Girls caring for sick parents Girls helping with household upkeep Girls helping parents financially by obtaining employment Girls alleviating parents from financial burden by leaving the household	- Girls dropout to help sick parents. -Girls help HIV-positive mothers with chores and raising younger siblings. -Girls take on employment or help with income-generating activities in order to financially assist their parents. -Older girls drop out of school to get married

Table

ID	Age	HIV Status	Education level	Marital Status	Employment Status	Partner's Employment Status	Total Biological Children	Additional Children	# of Children Eligible to School	# of Children not Eligible to School	# of Children Attending School	# of Children Who Dropped Out of School
1	34	Positive	O’level	Married	Informal	Unemployed	5	0	4	1	4	0
2	50	Negative	O’level	Married	Cook	Informal	2	0	2	0	1	1
3	44	Positive	Some high school	Separated	Unemployed	Deceased	9	0	8	1	0	8
4	39	Positive	O’level	Married	Informal	Unemployed	5	0	4	1	3	1
5	37	Negative	O’level	Married	Informal	Informal	3	2	4	1	3	1
6	39	Positive	O’level	Separated	Informal	Informal	3	0	2	1	0	2
7	44	Negative	O’level	Separated	Cleaner	Police Officer	2	0	2	2	2	0
8	32	Positive	Completed Primary	Married	Informal	Unemployed	3	0	2	1	1	0
9	32	Positive	O’level	Married	Informal	Unemployed	4	0	4	0	0	4
10	42	Positive	Diploma	Married	Primary Care Counsellor	Unemployed	2	1	3	0	3	0
11	35	Positive	O’level	In partnership	Community Care Giver	Mechanic	3	2	5	0	3	2
12	43	Positive	Completed primary	Widowed	Informal	Security Guard	5	0	5	5	3	2
13	40	Positive	Completed primary	Separated	Sex Worker	Informal	3	3	6	0	3	3
14	46	Positive	Some high school	Separated	Sex Worker	Unemployed	4	2	6	0	3	2
15	36	Positive	A’level	Single	Informal	Mechanic	3	0	2	1	2	0
16	38	Positive	Diploma	Single	Informal	Deceased	5	0	4	1	4	0

Table

		Gender		# of eligible children in school below 19		# of eligible children not in school below 19		# of children behind in school below 19		# of children not eligible for school below 19		# of children who dropped out over 19		# of children over 19 still in school		# of adult children at home over 19		Children HIV status		Birth Certificates
Participant ID	# of children	Boys	Girls	Boys	Girls	Boys	Girls	Boys	Girls	Boys	Girls	Boys	Girls	Boys	Girls	Boys	Girls	+ve	-ve	Have	Don’t have
1	5	2	3	2	2	0	0	0	0	0	1	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	5	N/A	N/A
2	2	1	1	0	1	0	0	0	0	0	0	1	0	0	0	0	0	0	2	2	0
3	9	2	7	0	0	2	4	2	4	0	0	0	3	0	0	0	1	0	9	6	3
4	5	3	2	2	2	0	1	1	1	1	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	5	4	1
5	5	4	1	2	1	1	0	0	0	1	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	5	4	1
6	3	2	1	1	1	0	0	0	0	1	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	3	1	2
7	2	0	2	1	1	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	2	2	0
8	3	1	2	0	1	1	0	1	1	0	1	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	3	0	3
9	4	2	2	0	0	2	2	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	4	0	4
10	3	1	2	1	2	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	3	3	0
11	5	1	4	0	3	0	1	0	0	0	0	1	0	0	0	1	1	1	4	4	0
12	5	2	3	1	2	0	1	0	0	0	0	1	0	0	0	1	0	0	5	5	0
13	6	4	2	2	1	1	1	0	0	0	0	1	1	0	0	1	1	0	6	6	0
14	6	3	3	1	0	0	0	0	0	1	1	1	2	0	0	1	1	0	6	N/A	N/A
15	3	3	0	2	0	0	0	0	0	1	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	3	1	2
16	5	3	2	2	2	0	0	0	0	1	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	5	5	0
Total	71	34	37	17	19	7	10	4	6	6	3	5	6	0	0	4	4	1	70	33	22

Data availability statement

The data for this study can be found on this public repository: https://dataverse.nl/dataset.xhtml?persistentId= doi:10.34894/2UOFWA.