Filling the gaps on the maps: historical distribution patterns of some larger mammals in part of southern Africa

Abstract

Distribution data form the basis of the study of zoo-geography, which has applications in, inter alia, ecology and conservation. Written records were used to estimate the distribution patterns of some of the medium- to large-sized terrestrial mammals in central, southern and western South Africa, and neighbouring Lesotho, during the early historical period (late 1400 s to the 1920s). The sources of these records comprise mainly published or unpublished letters, journals, diaries or books written by literate pioneers – notably various missionaries, explorers, travellers, naturalists, military personnel, big game hunters and agro-pastoralists. The classification (according to record type) of the written records in key publications was standardised, and records overlooked by them are taken into account. Interpretation of the spatial patterns provided by the written records was aided by reference to supporting information, in the form of qualifying palaeontological, zoo-archaeological and museum records. Written records of acceptable quality are shown, together with supporting records (where applicable), on a series of species occurrence maps, which also depict the biomes that are represented in the study area. The information on these maps is interpreted, together with relevant information in the source texts and a map of the bioregions that constitute the biomes in question, to estimate distribution patterns that prevailed during the period under study. Data are presented for 27 genera, 36 species and 2 subspecies, comprising 7 carnivores and 30 herbivores. Despite the limitations associated with the use of written records, the information provided is considered to offer a realistic distribution pattern for most of the taxa covered. The use of supporting records is justified, since the majority of these corroborate the ranges derived from the written records. The present study enhances our knowledge of distribution patterns for these larger mammal species in a large part of the southern African sub-region during the early historical period. It also provides a first attempt to describe the sub-regional scale, historical, distribution patterns within the context of the broad biogeographical characteristics of the area in question. There is a need to extend the coverage achieved by this study to include the remaining approx. 30% of “South Africa”, i.e. the region incorporating South Africa, Lesotho and Swaziland, and also the area incorporated by the countries of Namibia, Botswana, Zimbabwe and Mozambique. This level of coverage will permit enhanced definition of historical distribution patterns for some larger mammals in the southern African sub-region. There is also a need to better understand the drivers, as well as the implications, of the observed changes in the distribution of the larger mammals since the start of the historical period.

Keywords:

• historical distribution
• mammals
• southern Africa
• biogeographical regions

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

The authors are grateful to the following people, organisations and institutions for assistance in a variety of ways:

• The late CJ (Jack) Skead for initiating and inspiring the study of historical records to further our understanding of our remarkable mammalian biodiversity.

• The Hans Hoheisen Charitable Trust, Cape Town, for generous financial support.

• The Centre for African Conservation Ecology, Nelson Mandela Metropolitan University, Port Elizabeth, for providing facilities and financial support.

• Erika Mias and Denise Hamerton, South African Museum (Iziko Museums, Cape Town), for providing information from the mammal collection.

• Graham Avery, South African Museum (Iziko Museums, Cape Town), for providing archaeological references.

• Beryl Wilson, Zoology Department, McGregor Museum, Kimberley, for providing museum records.

• Patricia Glynn, Johannesburg, for the loan of a copy of the diary of Sir Richard Glynn who visited South Africa in 1863, and the current Sir Richard Glynn of Dorset, England, for granting permission to use information from the diary.

• Hazel Crampton, Rhodes University, Grahamstown, for alerting the authors to two obscure references.

• Coenrad Morgan, Cape Town, for bringing an early Cape Peninsula African elephant record to the attention of the authors.

• Jim Feely, Maclear, Eastern Cape, for drawing attention to references and for comments on an early draft of the warthog text.

• The Director and staff of the Cory Library for Historical Research, Rhodes University, Grahamstown, for facilitating access to unpublished material.

• The staff of the Africana Library, Kimberley, for assistance in locating references.

• Moira Boshoff, Port Elizabeth, for assistance with literature research.