Pseudomonas putida improved soil enzyme activity and growth of kasumbha under low input of mineral fertilizers

Figures & data

Table 1. Detail of treatments used in the study.

Treatments	Symbols used
Control (without inoculation and without chemical fertilizers)	C
Chemical fertilizers full dose (urea 60 kg ha^−^1 and DAP 30 kg ha^−^1)	CFF
Chemical fertilizers half dose (urea 30 kg ha^−^1 and DAP 15 kg ha^−^1)	CFH
Chemical fertilizers quarter dose (urea 15 kg ha^−^1 and DAP 7.5 kg ha^−^1)	CFQ
Seed soaking with Pseudomonas putida prior to sowing	P
P. putida+full dose of chemical fertilizers	PF
P. putida+half dose of chemical fertilizers	PH
P. putida+quarter dose of chemical fertilizers	PQ

Figure 1. Effect of P. putida and chemical fertilizers on soil (A) urease, (B) phosphatase, (C) invertase activity, and (D) colony-forming unit of P. putida.

All means which share a common letter are similar; otherwise differ significantly at p < 0.05. C: Control (without inoculation and without chemical fertilizers), CFF: Chemical fertilizers full dose, CFH: Chemical fertilizers half dose, CFQ: Chemical fertilizers quarter dose, P: Seed soaking with P. putida prior to sowing, PF: P. putida+full dose of chemical fertilizers, PH: P. putida+half dose of chemical fertilizers, PQ: P. putida+quarter dose of chemical fertilizers.

Figure 2. Effect of P. putida and chemical fertilizers on leaf (A) chlorophyll, (B) carotenoid, (C) protein, and (D) protease activity of safflower.

All means which share a common letter are similar; otherwise differ significantly at p < 0.05. C: Control (without inoculation and without chemical fertilizers), CFF: Chemical fertilizers full dose, CFH: Chemical fertilizers half dose, CFQ: Chemical fertilizers quarter dose, P: Seed soaking with P. putida prior to sowing, PF: P. putida+full dose of chemical fertilizers, PH: P. putida+half dose of chemical fertilizers, PQ: P. putida+quarter dose of chemical fertilizers.

Figure 3. Effect of P. putida and chemical fertilizers on (A) root length, (B) shoot length, (C) leaf area, and (D) leaf phosphate contents of safflower.

All means which share a common letter are similar; otherwise differ significantly at p < 0.05. C: Control (without inoculation and without chemical fertilizers), CFF: Chemical fertilizers full dose, CFH: Chemical fertilizers half dose, CFQ: Chemical fertilizers quarter dose, P: Seed soaking with P. putida prior to sowing, PF: P. putida+full dose of chemical fertilizers, PH: P. putida+half dose of chemical fertilizers, PQ: P. putida+quarter dose of chemical fertilizers.