Nitrogen cycling and management focusing on the central role of soils: a review

Figures & data

Figure 1. Nitrogen processes in a rice paddy for single cropping in central Japan. Nitrogen flows (kg N ha^–1 yr^–1) were derived from Hayashi et al. (2014c; 2017).

Figure 2. Nitrogen cycling at a seabird-affected talus in the High Arctic (Hayashi et al. 2018). Cliff-nesting seabirds accelerate the nitrogen cycle under the cliff, a talus, through the input of droppings and other labile organic matter originated from the surrounding seas.

Figure 3. Nitrogen input to agricultural lands (cropland and grassland except natural grassland) and forests in Japan drawn based on Hayashi et al. (2021a)

Hayashi, K., T. Tokida, M. Y. Matsushima, K. Ono, H. Nakamura, and T. Hasegawa. 2014c. “Free-air CO2 Enrichment (FACE) Net Nitrogen Fixation Experiment at a Paddy Soil Surface under Submerged Conditions.” Nutrient Cycling in Agroecosystems 98: 57–69. doi:10.1007/s10705-013-9595-4.

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Hayashi, K., K. Ono, K. Matsuda, T. Tokida, and T. Hasegawa. 2017. “Characteristics of Atmosphere–Rice Paddy Exchange of Gaseous and Particulate Reactive Nitrogen in Terms of Nitrogen Input to a Single-cropping Rice Paddy Area in Central Japan.” Asian Journal of Atmospheric Environment 11: 202–216. doi:10.5572/ajae.2017.11.3.202.

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Hayashi, K., Y. Tanabe, K. Ono, M. J. J. E. Loonen, M. Asano, H. Fujitani, T. Tokida, M. Uchida, and M. Hayatsu. 2018. “Seabird-affected Taluses are Denitrification Hotspots and Potential N2O Emitters in the High Arctic.” Scientific Reports 8: 17261. doi:10.1038/s41598-018-35669-w.

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Hayashi, K., H. Shibata, A. Oita, K. Nishina, A. Ito, K. Katagiri, J. Shindo, and W. Winiwarter. 2021a. “Nitrogen Budgets in Japan from 2000 to 2015: Decreasing Trend of Nitrogen Loss to the Environment and the Challenge to Further Reduce Nitrogen Waste.” Environmental Pollution 286: 117559. doi:10.1016/j.envpol.2021.117559.

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