Sustainable and Collaborative Solutions for the Long-term Care of Heritage Earthen Sites in Seismic Areas in Peru

Figures & data

Figure 1. Exterior view of the church of Kuñotambo and the bell tower, after the completion of the restoration and seismic retrofitting. Image: Elena Macchioni. ©2019 Getty Conservation Institute.

Figure 2. Interior of the church of Kuñotambo. Image: Anna Flavin ©2019 Getty Conservation Institute.

Table 1. The monitoring plan.

Monitoring protocol	Who	How	When
Basic instructions for the local community	Community members	Visual analysis	At least monthly
Rapid and low-tech protocol for the owner	Specialists from the Archdiocese	Visual analysis with inspection form and photographic record	Yearly
Complete protocol for heritage specialists	Specialists from the Archdiocese, with support of DDC–C and/or external consultants	Permanent SHM	Continuous
		Digital survey with photogrammetry, condition mapping, and, if needed, non-destructive testing	Every 5 years or after major natural events
		Same as above, with addition of total station/3D laser scanning	Every 10 years or after extreme natural events

Table 2. Outline of the annual inspection form with main sections and content required.

General information	Type of inspection (annual or upon need) Inspectors and participants from the community Time of the day and weather Site accessibility Use of the site and/or interventions carried out since previous inspection
Architecture/structural assessment	Schematic plans, elevations, and sections to mark conditions encountered Description of conditions encountered Suggested actions
Monitoring system	SHM functioning Readings from tell-tales and crack meters
Systems	Functioning and/or missing elements
Wall paintings	Orthophotos of monitoring areas to mark conditions encountered Description of the conditions encountered Suggested actions
Movable artworks	Cross-check presence and conditions
Conclusions	Recap of actions for the Archdiocese (further investigations, urgent interventions, or in the next maintenance cycle), along with desirable long-term actions
Summary of the meeting with the community	Recap of actions for the community (appropriate use, small repairs, etc.)

Figure 3. Worksite and implementation of retrofitting techniques of the church of Kuñotambo. (a) Typical section and plan of the lateral walls showing tie beam, bond beam, and roof rafter connections. (b) Lateral bracing in the upper walls and connection with roof rafters. (c) New roof with double rafters. Images: Juan Carlos Mellado ©2019 Getty Conservation Institute and Dirección Desconcentrada de Cultura Cusco.

Figure 4. Modelling of the retrofitted church. (a) Configuration of the finite element model (FEM) with timber reinforcements. (b) Three principal mode shapes obtained from ambient vibration tests, during December 2019. (c) The same, from the updated FEM. Images first published in Ahmadi et al. (2022).

Figure 5. Schematic representation of the SHM system at the church of Kuñotambo. Images: Georgios Karanikoloudis ©2023 Getty Conservation Institute.

Ahmadi, S. S., G. Karanikoloudis, N. Mendes, R. Illambas, and P. B. Lourenço. 2022. “Appraising the Seismic Response of a Retrofitted Adobe Historic Structure: The Role of Modal Updating and Advanced Computations.” Buildings 12 (11): 1795. https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings12111795.

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