Informal economies, state finances and surveyors

Figures & data

1 The formal and informal economy (adapted from Pedersen (2003). Mind that the categories might overlap in practice

2 The countries with the highest resp. lowest informal sector, per region and expressed as a percentage of the official GDP (Schneider 2007)

3 Estimated tax loss because of informal economy. Schneider (2015), Tax Justice Network (2011), Murphy (2012)

4 Tax revenue and state expenditure as % GDP. (datasets World Bank, IMF, CIA)

5 Sources of State income other than taxes (World Bank, IMF)

6 The minimal core for better taxation and governance

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Schneider, F. 2007. Shadow economies and corruption all over the world; new estimates for 145 countries. Economics, (Vol. 2007-9), 3–41, Kiel, Germany.

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Schneider, F. 2015. Tax losses due to Shadow Economy in OCED countries. Linz, Austria: Linz University.

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Tax Justice Network. 2011. The cost of tax abuse, Report of Tax Justice Network. Chesham, UK.

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Murphy, R. 2012. Closing the tax gap. Norfolk, UK: Tax Research UK.

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