Entrepreneurs’ Information-Seeking Behaviors in the Digital Age–A Systematic Literature Review

Figures & data

Figure 1. Literature review model.

Table 1. Key terms used in this research.

Focus	Search terms
Entrepreneurs	(“entrepreneu*” OR “entrepreneurship” OR “SME*” OR “micro-enterprise*” OR “startup*” OR “start-up*” OR “small business”)
Digitalization	AND (“digital technolog* OR “digitalization” OR “digitalisation” OR “digital transformation”)
Information-seeking behaviors	AND (“information behavio*” OR “information-seeking behavio*” OR “digital information source*” OR “information source*” OR “information need*” OR “information service*” OR “information practice*” OR “information search”)
Critical literacies	AND (“information literac*” OR “digital literac*” OR “digital competenc*” OR “digital skill*” OR “ict literac*” OR “ict skill*”)

Figure 2. PRISMA flow diagram.

Figure 3. Visualization keyword occurrence using network visualization.

Figure 4. Visualization keyword occurrence.

Table 2. The list of articles within the entrepreneurs’ ICT adoption research stream.

Titles	Theme
The age of digital entrepreneurship	Entrepreneurs’ ICT adoption
Key success factors influencing SME managers’ information behavior on emerging ICT (EICT) adoption decision-making in UK SMEs	Entrepreneurs’ ICT adoption
The availability and use of media information sources in rural areas	Entrepreneurs’ ICT adoption
Information and communications technology acceptance by youth entrepreneurs in rural Malaysian communities: the mediating effects of attitude and entrepreneurial intention	Entrepreneurs’ ICT adoption

Table 3. The list of publications within the critical literacies research stream.

Titles	Sub-themes
How does technological and financial literacy influence SME performance: mediating role of ERM practices	Entrepreneurial growth
Entrepreneurial spirits in women and men. The role of financial literacy and digital skills	Entrepreneurial activities
The impact of workplace information literacy on organizational innovation: An empirical study	Entrepreneurial performance
The relationship between lifelong learning trends, digital literacy levels and usage of web 2.0 tools with social entrepreneurship characteristics	Information access lifelong learning experience
Information literacy of managers: models and factors	Entrepreneurial performance and lifelong learning experience
Complex and multivariable: methodology of exploring digital literacy and training needs within the polish SME sector	Entrepreneurial activities
Web designers and developers’ experiences of information literacy: A phonomyography study	Information access
Information literacy amongst UK SMEs: an information policy gap	Information access
E-literacy-adoption model and performance of women-owned SMEs in Southwestern Nigeria	Entrepreneurial activities/growth

Table 4. The list of studies within entrepreneurs’ information services conversation.

Titles	Sub-themes
Social media and entrepreneurship: exploring the role of digital source selection and information literacy	Digital information sources
Research on embedded information service model of university library under the environment of innovation and entrepreneurship	Library
Exploring the Internet access of Indonesian SME entrepreneurs	Internet
e-government 4.0 in Thailand: the role of central agencies	E-government
Research support services to small and medium enterprises by university libraries in Uganda: an entrepreneurial and innovation strategy	Library
Problems and suggestions of rural information service platform construction in China	Digital information sources
Effect of digital transformation on organizational performance of SMEs evidence from the Taiwanese textile industry’s web portal.	Web-portal
Channel choice and source choice of entrepreneurs in a public organizational context: the Dutch case.	Digital information sources/E-government
Information needs of Malaysian Bumiputera would-be entrepreneurs.	Internet
Research on information service system for high-tech SMEs	Digital information sources
An exploratory study of Israeli start-up entrepreneur usage of the Internet	Digital information sources
Value-added information-services for small and medium-sized enterprises	Web-portal
Access to information for small business managers: examination of some strategies and values	E-government/library

Table 5. The list of studies within the entrepreneur information access conversation.

Titles	Sub-themes
Emergence of an entrepreneurial opportunity: a case within a Finnish telecommunication international new venture	Opportunity recognition
Entrepreneurial learning as experienced by agricultural graduate entrepreneurs	Entrepreneurial learning
Capacity building modules for public libraries to support small-scale business enterprises in Meru County, Kenya	Entrepreneur’s development
Identification of business informatics specifics in agricultural enterprise	Entrepreneur’s development
Knowledge sharing by entrepreneurs in a virtual community of practice (VCoP)	Entrepreneurial learning
New venture high growth in high-tech environments	Entrepreneur’s development
Enhancing the competitiveness of SMEs in the global economy: strategies and policies enhancing the competitiveness of SMEs through innovation	Entrepreneur’s development

Table 6. The list of articles within the entrepreneurs and environmental scanning theme.

Titles	Themes
Information sources for environmental scanning: do industry and firm size matter?	Environmental scanning
Environmental scanning practice of enterprise 50: small medium enterprise (E50 SMEs)	Environmental scanning
Environmental scanning in Botswana’s SMEs: a study of the manufacturing industry	Environmental scanning
Technological scanning by small Canadian manufacturers	Environmental scanning
How senior managers acquire and use information in environmental scanning	Environmental scanning
The role of information literacy in environmental scanning as a strategic information system – a study of Singapore SMEs	Environmental scanning

Figure 5. Proposed research framework.

Table

Authors and title	Journal /Publishing	Keywords	Empirical/Conceptual	Theoretical lens	Key concept
Nikou et al. (2020) Social-media and entrepreneurship: Exploring the role of digital source selection and information literacy.	In: Understanding Social Media and Entrepreneurship (eds Schjoedt, L., Brännback, M., Carsrud, A.)	Entrepreneurship, digital literacy, digital transformation, information literacy	Quantitative	Information literacy and digital literacy	Digital information source, information literacy, social media, entrepreneurship
Cao et al. (2019) Research on embedded information service model of university library under the environment of innovation and entrepreneurship.	Advances in Social Science, Education and Humanities Research	Library, innovation and entrepreneurship service, China	Conceptual	No theory	Innovation and entrepreneurship, information resources
Sagarik et al. (2018) E-government 4.0 in Thailand: The role of central agencies.	Information Polity: The International Journal of Government & Democracy in the Information Age	Administrative reform, digital government e-government, Internet	Conceptual	No theory	Digital transformation, leadership roles, legislation, interoperability, employee capabilities, accountability, performance management
Yuldinawati et al. (2018) Exploring the Internet access of Indonesian SME entrepreneurs.	International Journal of Business	Developing countries, information access, Internet, entrepreneurship	Qualitative	Internet access (motivation, material, skills, and usage)	SME entrepreneurs’ Internet access, Internet information skills
Buwule and Mutula (2017) Research support services to small and medium enterprises by university libraries in Uganda: An entrepreneurial and innovation strategy.	South African Journal of Information Management	Information services, library, university library	Qualitative/document analysis	No theory	Entrepreneurship and innovation, information on research and innovation,
Guan et al. (2017) Problems and suggestions of rural information service platform construction in China.	Proceedings of the 2017, 2nd International Conference on Automation, Mechanical and Electrical Engineering	Information services, farmers, Internet, rural areas	Empirical/literature analysis	No theory	Construction of rural information service platform, entrepreneurship
Chen et al. (2016) Effect of digital transformation on organizational performance of SMEs: Evidence from the Taiwanese textile industry’s web portal.	Internet Research	SMEs, information distribution, information access, web portal	Qualitative and quantitative	RBV theory	Organizational performance, entrepreneurship
Jansen et al. (2010) Channel choice and source choice of entrepreneurs in a public organizational context: The Dutch case.	In: EGOV 2010 (eds Wimmer, M.A. et al.)	Information sources, Information Channels, Internet channel, entrepreneurs	Quantitative	Entrepreneurs’ digital skills and situational characteristics	Channel and source choice of entrepreneurs
Kassim (2010) Information needs of Malaysian Bumiputera would-be entrepreneurs.	Malaysian Journal of Library & Information Science	Business information, Information needs, Information sources. Bumiputera entrepreneurs, Malaysia	Quantitative	No theory	Entrepreneurs’ information needs, information source, entrepreneurship
Song et al. (2006) Research on information service system for high-tech SMEs.	IEEE International Conference on Service Operations and Logistics, and Informatics	High-tech SMEs, information services, e-services	Conceptual	No theory	SMEs’ information service, Information service system, entrepreneurship
Shoham et al. (2006) An exploratory study of Israeli start-up entrepreneur usage of the Internet.	Journal of Information Science	Information sources, entrepreneurs, Israel	Quantitative	Theory of alertness	Source of information, Internet usage, entrepreneurship
Bouthillier (2003) Access to information for small business managers: Examination of some strategies and values.	Canadian Journal of Information & Library Sciences	Information access, library, entrepreneurs, SMEs, environmental scanning, Canada	Quantitative	Information behavior	Information, information needs, information service, information seeking behavior
Pieska (1993) Value-added information-services for small and medium-sized enterprises.	Electronic Library	Information service, Finland, SMEs	Conceptual	No theory	Information services, entrepreneurship
Kulathunga et al. (2020): How does technological and financial literacy influence SME performance: Mediating role of ERM practices.	Information (MDPI)	Technological literacy; financial literacy; SME performance; enterprise risk management (ERM) practices	Quantitative	Knowledge-based view	SME performance, literacy
Oggero et al. (2020) Entrepreneurial spirits in women and men. The role of financial literacy and digital skills.	Small Business Economics	Digital literacy, entrepreneurial intention, financial literacy	Quantitative	Entrepreneurial intention	Digital skills, literacy
Ahmad et al. (2020) The impact of workplace information literacy on organizational innovation: An empirical study.	International Journal of Information Management	Information literacy, Innovation, CEO, SMEs	Quantitative	Information literacy	Information literacy, innovation
Omiunu (2019) E-literacy-adoption model and performance of women-owned SMEs in Southwestern Nigeria.	Journal of Global Entrepreneurship Research	E-literacy-adoption, SMEs’ Performance. Women entrepreneurs	Quantitative	e-literacy	Business performance, literacy
Erdogan et al. (2019) The relationship between lifelong learning trends, digital literacy levels and usage of web 2.0 tools with social entrepreneurship characteristics.	Croatian Journal of Education	Digital literacy; lifelong learning; social entrepreneurship; Web 2.0.	Quantitative	Social entrepreneurship	Social entrepreneurship, digital literacy
Bolek et al. (2018) Information literacy of managers: models and factors.	Journal of Business Economics and Management	Digital literacy, information literacy, managers, lifelong learning, digital competencies, digital skills	Quantitative	Literacy	Information literacy, digital literacy
Jasiewicz et al. (2018) Complex and multivariable: Methodology of exploring digital literacy and training needs within the Polish SME sector.	Information Literacy in the Workplace	Digital literacy, Information literacy, SMEs	Qualitative/interview	Information literacy	Digital competences
Sayyad Abdi et al. (2016) Web designers and developers experiences of information literacy: A phenomenographic study	Library & Information Science Research	Web designers, developers, information literacy, web professionals	Qualitative/interview	Information literacy	Workplace information literacy
De Saulles (2007) Information literacy amongst UK SMEs: an information policy gap.	Aslib Proceedings	Information strategy, Research, Internet, small to medium-sized enterprises, United Kingdom, United States of America	Quantitative	Information literacy	Information access, SMEs Internet usage, information policy
Tuomisalo (2019) Emergence of an entrepreneurial opportunity: A case within a Finnish telecommunication international new venture.	Journal of International Entrepreneurship	Opportunity recognition, information-seeking behavior, multinational enterprises, new venture creation, entrepreneurial characteristics	Qualitative and interpretive method	Strategic orientation	Entrepreneurial opportunity recognition
Zamani and Mohammadi (2018) Entrepreneurial learning as experienced by agricultural graduate entrepreneurs.	Higher Education	Information sources, agricultural entrepreneurs, entrepreneurial journeys, online information sources	Qualitative and quantitative	Social learning theory	Entrepreneurial learning, information source
Dulle et al. (2017) Capacity building modules for public libraries to support small-scale business enterprises in Meru County, Kenya.	South African Journal of Library and Information Science	Information skills, information access, entrepreneurial competences, entrepreneurial training/education	Qualitative and quantitative	Economic theory of entrepreneurship	Business information literacy, technology competency, nature of information
Kubata and Simek (2016) Identification of business informatics specifics in agricultural enterprise.	AGRIS on-line Papers in Economics and Informatics	Business informatics, information, information systems, agriculture, farm	Conceptual, exploratory analysis	No theory	Digital literacy, business informatics
Savarese et al. (2016) New venture high growth in high-tech environments.	European Planning Studies	Entrepreneurs, high-growth, Italy, high-tech environment, information sources access, key growth factors	Qualitative, interview	SMEs growth	Dynamic capabilities, information sources, entrepreneurial skills and abilities
Hafeez et al. (2019) Knowledge sharing by entrepreneurs in a virtual community of practice.	Information Technology & People	Communities of practice, discourse analysis, virtual community, shared knowledge, knowledge-based community	Qualitative/case study	No theory	Knowledge sharing, virtual community of practice (VCoP)
Molnár and Bernat (2007) Enhancing competitiveness of innovative SME through knowledge system using competitive intelligence: case business Cluster Omni pack.	7th International Conference on Strategic Management and Its Support by Information Systems	ICT strategy, information access, entrepreneurship, SMEs, internationalization	Qualitative	Information literacy	Information access, competitive intelligence
Haase and Franco (2011) Information sources for environmental scanning: do industry and firm size matter?	Management Decision	Environmental scanning, Information sources, Industry, Firm size, Portugal, Knowledge transfer, Information management	Quantitative	Information scanning sources	Information sources, knowledge transfer
Othman et al. (2011) Environmental Scanning Practice of Enterprise 50: Small Medium Enterprise (E50 SMEs) in Malaysia.	Proceedings of the 5th European Conference on Information Management and Evaluation	Environmental scanning, information sources, small medium enterprise	Quantitative	Information seeking behavior	Environmental scanning, information sources
Jorosi (2008) Environmental scanning in Botswana’s SMEs: A Study of the Manufacturing Industry.	LIBRI	Entrepreneurship, environmental scanning, information sources, CEOs, Sub- Saharan Africa	Quantitative	No theory	Environmental scanning, scanning behavior, sources of information
Raymond et al. (2001) Technological scanning by small Canadian manufacturers.	Journal of Small Business Management	Technological scanning, entrepreneurs, information sources, information need, Canada	Quantitative	technological scanning in SMEs	Scanning objectives, type of information, information sources,
Auster and Choo (1994) How senior managers acquire and use information in environmental scanning.	Information Processing & Management	SMEs, managers, information scanning, publishing and telecommunications industry, information use	Quantitative	Environmental scanning	Information access and use, decision making
Zhang et al. (2010) The role of information literacy in environmental scanning as a strategic information system – a study of Singapore SMEs.	Technological Convergence and Social Networks in Information Management	Information literacy, environmental scanning, strategic information, SME Singapore	Quantitative and qualitative	Environmental scanning	Information literacy
Sahut et al. (2019) The age of digital entrepreneurship.	Small Business Economics	Digital information, digital entrepreneurs, digital technologies	Qualitative	Digital information processing	Digital entrepreneurship, digital entrepreneurs
Eze et al. (2018) Key success factors influencing SME managers’ information behavior on emerging ICT (EICT) adoption decision-making in UK SMEs.	The Bottom Line	SMEs, Information behavior, emerging information, and communication technology (EICT), Adoption decisions-making, SME managers, TOE framework	Qualitative	Information behavior	Perceived information need, information gathering
Jaska and Werenowska (2018) The availability and use of media information sources in rural areas.	Economic Science for Rural – Development Conference Proceedings	Media information sources, farmer, rural areas, Internet	Quantitative	No theory	Use of media information sources, use of ICTs
Zaremohzzabieh et al. (2016) Information and communications technology acceptance by youth entrepreneurs in rural Malaysian communities: The mediating effects of attitude and entrepreneurial intention.	Information Technology for Development	Youth entrepreneurship, ICT acceptance, technology acceptance model (TAM), information access, Malaysia	Quantitative	Technology acceptance model	ICT acceptance, entrepreneurial intention,

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